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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In conducting this research, the writer uses some theories to support the analysis. This chapter consists of two main parts, namely review of related theories and
theoretical framework. Review of related theories consists of theory of character, theory of characterization, critical approach, theory of conflict, and theory of suicide.
The last part is theoretical framework which is used as a summary of the theories to answer the problem formulations.
A. Review of Related Studies
The novel For One More Day by Mitch Albom is a well-known novel. This novel has been translated in many languages. Therefore, some people use this novel for
their study. In this case, the writer finds a thesis conducting the same topic in the same novel, For One More Day. The thesis entitled The Influence of Benetto’s
Intrapersonal Conflicts on His Personal Life as Reflected in Mitch Albom’s For One More Day was written by Dian Prawesti.
The thesis written by Dian Prawesti has the same topic as the writer’s topic which is about conflicts. However, there are some differences between those two theses. The
Dian’s thesis discusses about the internal conflicts faced by Chick Benetto. In addition, Dian’s thesis discusses about the influence of the conflicts to Chick
Benetto’s personal life. Dian also gives some resolutions taken by Chick Benetto to
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solve his problems. In that thesis, the resolutions are shooting, avoidance, and competition.
Being different from that thesis, this study discusses the internal and external conflicts faced by Chick Benetto. The writer also discusses the resolutions taken by
Chick Benetto, namely avoiding and accommodation types. In addition, the writer does not discuss about the influence of the conflicts to Chick personal’s life. There
are also the significances of this study. This study is to find out the internal and external conflicts faced by Chick Benetto. This study is also to find out the
resolutions taken by Chick Benetto. In addition, this study may give new point of views for the readers in facing problems.
B. Review of Literary Theories 1. Theory of Character
In a literary work, characters play an important role to the story. In order to understand the story, the readers have to know the characters in the story. Every
person in a story has different characters from the others. In order to understand the characters in a story, the readers have to know the definition and kinds of character.
Abrams states that characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Characters are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral,
dispotional, and emotional qualities that are expressed by in their dialogue. The basic of character’s emotion, desire, and temperament called motivation 23.
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In addition, Holman and Harmon state that character is the person that reflects people in real life who are described by the author in his literary work. They define
characters as descriptive sketch of person’s type. The person’s character is not described as individual personality, but it is described as an example of vice or virtue
81. Rohrberger and Woods state that characters are the persons who act in a story. They said that characters must be credible, which means that the readers must accept
them as believable people 20. Henkle states two kinds of character. First character is major character in which
he also calls as protagonist. The readers are able to identify the major character from the complexity of characterization, the amount of attention given to him, and the
intensity that a character seems to transmit. Henkle says that major character always fascinates the readers with his words or behavior so that major character deserves the
readers’ fullest attention. On the other hand, the second character, secondary character, does not have full attention from the readers. This kind of character
functions as a foil to the major character. Secondary character is generally less complex, less sophisticated, and less interesting 88-97.
Forster divides characters into flat and round. He says that flat character is built by a single idea or quality. It is not represented by much individualizing detail.
Therefore, it can be described in a single phrase or sentence. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation. This character is as difficult to describe as
people in a real life. A round character is able to surprise the readers 46-51.
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2. Theory of Characterization
Character and characterization cannot be separated. In real life, if we judge someone’s characters, we will use characterization. According to Rohrberger and
Wood, characterization is the process by which the author creates a character. This is used by the author to decide the characters of the story. Characterization is used in
order to give better understanding about the character of the story. The readers will have an understanding that the characters present the characters of the author. The
readers are able to know that the characters are different, because the author gives different things for each character 20. According to Murphy, there are 9 ways in
which the author attempts to make his characters understandable for his readers 161- 173.
a. Personal description The author describes a person’s appearance and clothes. We can see from his hair,
skin colour, his build, his hand, face, skin, eyes, and clothing. b. Character as seen by other
The author describes the character indirectly. It can be seen through the other person’s eyes. The other person in the story gives opinion about the other character.
c. Speech The author gives some insights through what a person says. Whenever a person
speaks, has conversation with others, and gives opinion, the readers will be able to understand the characters.
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d. Past life The author gives explanation about the character through the person’s past life.
This can be done by direct comment by the author through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others The author gives the readers clues to a person’s character through the
conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People who talk about other people and the things they say often give as a clue to the character of the
person spoken about. f. Reaction
The author gives the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting the readers know that person reacts to various situations and events. From the reaction he has
toward various situations and events, the readers will be able to find out what kind of character a person has.
g. Direct comment The author describes or comments on a person’s character directly. From the
author’s direct comments on a person’s character, the readers will be able to know the characters directly.
h. Thoughts The author gives us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The
author is able to do what people cannot do in real life. The author tells the readers
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about thought of different people. The readers are able to know different person’s thought.
i. Mannerisms
The author describes a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies in a story. The readers are able to know a person’s character from his mannerism, habits, or
idiosyncrasies.
3. Critical Approach
Rohrberger and Woods explain that literature as one of arts which has esthetic value. They also explain that the response to the esthetic value is called esthetic
response which is used to response the beauty of literature 3. In order to understand the esthetic value of literature, the readers need critical approach. Rohrberger and
Woods state five kinds of critical approach 6-13. The first critical approach is mythopoeic approach. This approach is used to
discover recurrent patterns of human thought. The patterns are found in the ancient myth and folk rites that influence people’s thought.
The second approach is psychological approach. This approach tries to locate and demonstrate the recurrent human’s patterns by using his imagination and creation. In
this approach, character is the element of literary work. This approach is applied to discover the character’s personality, which can be found in symbolic words, thoughts,
and actions.
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The third is formalist approach. This approach focuses on the structure of literary work. The formalist approach concentrates almost entirely on the esthetic values,
which are concerned with the harmonious of the meaning derivation from structure and technique in determining structure. This approach does not concern with the facts
of the author’s life, the genre of the literary work, and the social milieu. . Next approach is biographical approach. This approach focuses on the author’s
personality and life. In order to know the personality and life of the author, the readers could collect facts about the author’s personality and life. It can help the
readers to appreciate the author’s literary work. The last approach is sociocultural-historical approach. This approach focuses on
the social, culture, and history background of literary works. It implies that the social, culture, and history background of literary works will influence the making of the
literary works.
4. Theory of Conflict a. Types of Conflict
There are two kinds of conflict stated by Stanton, namely internal conflict and external conflict. Internal conflict is a conflict between two desires within a character.
External conflict is a conflict between characters or between a character and his environment 16.
Worchel and Cooper state that conflict is a contradiction as a result of incompatibility within the individual or between two or more individuals. They state
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two kinds of conflict, namely intrapersonal conflict and interpersonal conflict 460- 463. Intrapersonal conflict is a conflict when a person makes a choice between two
or more alternatives. Interpersonal conflict is a conflict which exists between two or more persons. From Stanton’s definition and Worchel and Cooper’s definition, it can
be concluded that they seem to have same definition about kinds of conflict. According to Worchel and Cooper, based on the types of response tendencies,
there are four kinds of intrapersonal conflicts. They are approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance.
The approach-approach is the simplest type of conflict. This type results when a person is motivated to approach two positive goals but can reach only one. This type
of conflict should be easy to resolve. In this type, the closer someone to his goal, the stronger will be the drive toward that goal.
The second type is avoidance-avoidance. This type occurs when someone has to choose between two equally unattractive goals. This conflict is difficult to resolve,
since whenever someone gets near to one negative goal, the drive to avoid that goal increases.
The third type is approach-avoidance. This type of conflict involves only one goal which has both attractive and unattractive qualities associated with it. In this type, the
person’s desire to both obtain the goal and escape from it traps him in conflict. The last type is double approach-avoidance. This type can involve having to
choose between two goals, each of which has positive and negative aspects. Many
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conflicts that appear to be approach-approach conflict are actually double approach- avoidance conflicts.
The second kind of conflicts is interpersonal conflict. There are two kinds of interpersonal conflict based on which side wins or loses.
The first type is zero-sum conflict. This conflict means that one’s winning is the other’s loose, since individuals think that if they cannot obtain the goal, the other side
will win. Therefore, each side wants to obtain everything he wants. The second type is non-zero-sum conflict. This conflict is also called as a mixed-
motivation conflict. In this type, there are two important things. The first one is one’s winning is not the other’s loose. The second one involves cooperation and
competition. In this type, it can be concluded that individuals in conflict are beneficial for each other.
b. Conflict Resolutions
People have different ways in resolving their conflicts. Isenhart and Spangle state that people have different reactions in perceiving opinion and interference from other
people. Some people become aggressive and assertive. They will threaten and make demands. Others will become quiet and passive and avoid talking about their
concerns 26. Isenhart and Spangle give five types in resolving conflicts. Those types are
influenced by some factors. Those factors are the importance of issue to the party, contextual or cultural norms for how conflict should be approached, how one
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anticipates that others will react, and personal goals. Those resolutions are avoiding, accommodation, compromising, competitive, and collaborative 26.
1. Avoiding In this type, one party denies that there is a conflict, changes topics, and avoids
discussion. This style is effective in situation in which there is danger of physical violence, the issue is not important, there is no chance of achieving goals, or the
complexity of the situation prevents solutions. 2. Accommodation
In this type, one party sacrifices its interests and goals and lets the other party achieve their interests and goals. This type is effective when there are no any chances
to achieve the interests, when the outcome is not important, or when there is a belief that satisfying one’s own interests will in some ways alter or damage the relationship.
3. Compromising In this type, all parties make concessions for partial satisfaction of interests. There
is an agreement for all parties to sacrifice their interests in order to gain the best solution for both parties. This type is effective in situations that require quick
resolution of issues, when other parties resist collaboration, when complete achievement of goals is not important, or when there will be no hard feelings for
settling for less than expected. 4. Competitive
This type is characterized by aggressive, self-focused, forcing, verbally assertive, and uncooperative behaviors that strive to satisfy one party’s interests at the expense
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of the interests of others. This type is effective in situations in which decision must be made quickly, options are restricted, there is nothing to lose by pushing, other parties
resist cooperation, and there is no concern about potential damage to the relationship. 5. Collaborative
This type is characterized by active listening and issue-focused, emphatic communication that seek to satisfy the interests and concerns all parties. It is effective
in situations in which power is reasonably balanced; the long-term relationship is valued; both parties display cooperative behaviors; and there is sufficient time and
energy to create a solution that will satisfy both parties.
C. Review of Types and Reasons of Suicide
Kastenbaum in Harvey’s gives some meanings about suicide. Suicide is sinful; suicide is criminal; suicide is the rational alternative; suicide is a reunion with a
departed loved one; suicide is rest and peace; suicide is getting at back others- revenge; suicide is the penalty for failure; and suicide is a mistake, stating with a cry
for help that was not heeded 138. There are four types of suicide. The first type is murder-suicide. This type
involves one person killing another, usually a close relation, and then killing himself or herself. Murder-suicides occur when one person wants to end people’s suffering
then his life as well. Murder-suicides also occur when one person is leaving a close relationship and his or her partner is unhappy about the leaving. Because the partner
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being left feels desperate, he or she kills the departing partner and then himself or herself.
The second type is institutional suicide. This type of suicide is done by a group of people. They follow the leader’s commands and do not ask anything. They believe
they know the answer for doing the suicide. People in this group will kill themselves together. In addition, there are two more categories of suicide. The first category is
rational suicide which involves an attempt to end a state of suffering associated with a terminal or life-threatening illness. The second category is suicide which is not
associated with a terminal or life-threatening illness Harvey 146 Rational suicide is quite controversial. This type is usually associated with a
person’s decision to end the suffering connected with terminal illness. Mayo in Harvey’s suggests that suicides are irrational but in some ways it can be said rational.
Suicide is irrational in the sense that usually a person is in great despair possibly suffering from a terminal illness 146.
In deciding to end their lives, people usually have some reasons. Harvey says that suicidal thoughts may come to people’s mind when in time of crises. The crises are
when a valued relationship has ended; when valued possessions have been lost; when a person discovers that he or she is in serious illness; when a loved one has a terminal
illness; when a person has experienced a hurtful humiliation in interpersonal relations; or when a person has lost a large amount of money 133.
DeSpelder and Strickland in Harvey’s identify some factors that influence suicide in adulthood. The factors are social isolation and loneliness, boredom and depression,
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loss of purpose and meaning, financial hardship, multiple losses of loved ones, chronic pain and illness, alcohol and drug abuse, and the desire to avoid being a
burden 144. People who end their lives have certain characteristics. G Pandu Setyawan states
that people who end their lives usually are wishy-washy, introvert, and moody people. They are wishy-washy in deciding everything including deciding whether to
live or not. People who are introvert keep their problem for themselves. They do not want to share with other people. By keeping all the problems alone, they can be
depressed. People who are moody cannot place their mood in a right place. They very often get angry. It can make them feel depressed. If they cannot hold their feeling,
they think suicide is the right choice www.antara.go.id
D. Theoretical Framework
Kategori