16
7. Direct comment
Murphy states that “the author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly” 1972: 170. Direct comment is used by the author to describe
a certain character. In this part, the author mentions the characteristics that heshe wants to created. The author describes whatever a character is beautiful or ugly,
lazy or diligent. The nature of characteristics by direct comment has been drawn for the readers.
8. Thoughts
The author gives some information or knowledge by a chara cter’s thought.
The readers get some knowledge by describing of a certain character’s thinking.
Murphy also says that The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking
about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept
this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in
a novel Murphy, 1972: 171. In some cases, the author gives a character with different ideas that
people cannot do in real life. In such literary work, the author creates a character whatever they want. It is possible for the readers
to know about character’s trait even though hisher thinking diverge from the readers. Therefore, by literary work
the readers can see a character’s personality. Moreover, the readers know more
deeply by analysing a character ’s thought in such novel or story.
9. Mannerisms
“The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character Murphy, 1972: 173. The
17
author describes a character by habit or manner. By telling a character action, manner and habit that the author gives to a character in particular time in such
story, the readers are able to see the personality that a character has. Actually, there are many kinds of ways the author creates the
characteristics for a character. Those methods are created by M.J Murphy to find out personalities or characteristics that is given to a character. In this case, the
researchers can use several ways of the methods to investigate a character’s
personality from the novel or story.
2. Theory of Moral Value
Living in the society, human being is ruled by some principles, values, and norms. Those rules are used in the society in order to c
ontrol human’s attitude. It is about good or bad attitude to justify any particular value judgment. Producing
or preventing some experience is the reason why human being wants to learn the value. The things that make an act virtuous or wicked depend on the grounds of
moral approval or moral disapproval. In a single word, the rightness is revealed by moral agent which tries to find rational basis for choosing to do or not to do
something act. Carl Wellman explains more about right or wrong, virtuous or evil, moral value, and moral knowledge. In this study, the writer elaborates the theory
moral value with some statements not only fact but also ethical principles. Therefore, several point of theories of some philosopher and the author that is
collected which is very useful as the theory of moral value in the following.
18
a. Actual Consequences of the Act
Wellman states that “one theory of value holds that what makes an act morally good or evil is the value or disvalue of its consequences” 1975: 135.
Meaning to say that the moral value can be defined as good or evil, it depends on the consequences of a certain person action that they do. For example when
people give some foods for poor people is virtuous. While people give poison to poor people is morally wicked.
b. Conscientiousness
Immanuel Kant in the same book states that “the conscientiousness that
makes an act morally good. Every act motivated by a sense of duty is virtuous. Whenever one’s sense of duty is overcome by some conflicting desire or
inclination, the act is morally evil ” 1975: 140. By the sense of obligation, the
agent does a good moral because it is the right to do. While the act defines as wicked if it ignores the inclination. In this case, the sense of duty is actually moral
motive because it is very natural with respect of moral law and it desires to morally right.
c. Useful Character Traits
The moral value of act is reflected by the human being or moral agent. A character of a certain person consists of various traits. The virtuous act reveals
good moral character, while the wicked act reveals an evil character. People who habitually loaf, nap, and seldom works hard can determine moral value of character
traits. David Hume, a Scottish philosopher states that “any act expressing a useful
character traits is morally good and that any act expressing a harmful character
19
traits is morally evil” 1975: 145. It means that every virtuous act is behavioral which express a character trait that is useful and valuable. While evil act is
behavioral which express a character trait that is endanger. d.
Motives Another thing that can draw whether the morally good or not is
“motives”. Through the moral evaluation, the actions of a certain person can be clearly seen
in motives. Wellman states that “ the moral value of an act is that most other
factors to which we appeal to justify the judgments of virtue or vice are indirectly relevant simply because they are indications of the motive of an act” 1975: 146.
The consequences of an act actually reveal something about the motivation of act. For example, there is a person who harm to other person intentionally, it means
that the person is indicated an act which is unrestrained by such motives of love or compassion.
According to Kohlberg, there are several types of moral stage or moral development. In this theory, the writer describes conventional level and principle
level. Those are explained in the following. 1.
The interpersonal concordance or “good boy-nice girl” orientation. In this stage, good behavior is
“pleases” or “helps” to the other person. “Behaviour is frequently judge by the intention” 1982: 92. If people have good
behavior, their act will receive to the other by approval. 2.
The “law and order” orientation. In this stage, people have right behavior if they show their duty to respect
their authority. “Showing respect for authority and maintaining the given social
20
order for its own sake” 1982: 92. Fixing the ruled and maintaining the social order is very important toward authority.
3. The universal ethical principle orientation.
In this stage, right defines as the decision to choose ethical principle based on logical comprehensiveness, universality and consistency. “Equality of human
rights and of respect for the d ignity of human beings as individual persons” 1982:
92. In people’s conscience, they have universal their principle of justice, respect
and equality.
3. Message and Moral Values in Literature
Sinclair states that Message is something important in the story, message can evaluate us for
better life. Message is defined as an idea that someone tries to communicate to people. It is also the meaning, thought or idea that is
intended to express 1956: 490. Message can be called as an idea, meaning and thought which express
certain information. In such story, message is the valuable inputs for the readers to guide them for a better life. Story as part of literature is not only entertaining the
readers but also giving the readers the message or value that is depicted in indirect form.
According to Henry Hudson, message is good when made by literary work itself; message is not only follow norm in such society. A good message makes
new better pattern based on human values 1958: 23. The readers can see a good message not only from society life, but it also comes from such literary works.
The author uses the language and the technique to the story in order to stimulate emotional intelligence to the readers. According to Dudley, by such
21
conflict or problem, the author gives the moral value behind the story so that the readers interpret it by themselves whether the character in fictional work behave
rightly or wrongly https:books.google.co.id, October 21, 2015. According to Kohlberg “the study of literature does more than merely
expand the range of our experience; it enables us to feel empathy for others in a way that enlarges our moral perspectives” 1982: 108. It means that the story in
such literary work is not only tell the experience but also give empathy to the reader. Therefore, the readers get moral perspective from certain story. In his
essay about moral psychology and the study tragedy, he admits that “literature
stimulates new stages, qualitatively new forms, of moral and aesthetic thought and feeling” 1982: 108. It means that in literary work, the author creates the story
with several elements of intrinsic value that can stimulate not only aesthetic and moral but also thought and feeling in a new form.
Moody explains that moral message always exist in a literary works that connect with human’s noble behavior and attitude. The moral value is seen in
character behavior, the way the character think and the way the character faces the problem. Besides a good character, the evil bad behavior sometimes is carried by
the antagonist character. The various degrees of goodness and badness for most human beings have at least some features 1971:48. The author creates various
characteristics to a certain character in order to notice that there is the diversity between the good character and the bad character especially to learn moral value
message in literary works. The society and the reality sometimes connect with author’s work to draw the moral value message. The author gives some message
