52 considered the containings and partic
ipants‟ interest to fill the questionnaires. Some controlled statements were designed to direct their attentions to evaluate
and choose the proper communicative learning activities. Other statements figured out the relevance of the contextual materials for the students. Also, some
statements in the questionnaires regarded the students to assess their own difficulties in learning.
To measure the statements, the researcher used Likert scale and the types of the statements are used close
– ended statements requiring participants to choose from predetermined responses Burke Christensen, 2008. The Likert
scale is a summated rating scale which each of items is rated by the respondents in four or five points rating scale Burke Christensen, 2008. Accordingly, Likert
1932 produced five responses alternative which were “1 Strongly Approve, 2
Approve, 3 Undecided, 4 Disapprove, and 5 Strongly D isapprove”. The
questionnaires used four scales responses to measure the students‟ attitude. The researcher asked the respondens whether they strongly agree SA, agree A,
disagree D or strongly disagree SD with the items. Hence, the statements of the variables were divided into favorable
statements and unfavorable statements. To rate the students‟ difficulties, the
statements were unfavorable or negatively stated items as shown in table 3.4 and the others were favorable statements as shown in table 3.3. According to Ary,
Jacobs, and Sorensen 2010: For favorable or positively stated items, strongly agree is scored 5, agree
is scored 4, undecided is scored 3, disagree is scored 2, and strongly disagree
is scored 1… Thus, for unfavorable statements, strongly agree
53 would receive a weight or score of 1 and strongly disagree
a weight of 5” p. 210.
Table 3.3: Scoring Criteria of the Questionnaires Favorable
Rating Meaning
1 SD with the statements
2 D with the statements
3 A with the statements
4 SA with the statements
Table 3.4: Scoring Criteria of the Questionnaires Unfavorable
Rating Meaning
4 SD with the statements
3 D with the statements
2 A with the statements
1 SA with the statements
An interview is “a data-collection method in which an interviewer asks an
interviewee questions” Burke Christensen, 2008. The interview protocol is a data gathering instrument which consists of questions for the interviewee to
answer. The research adapted in-person interview Burke Christensen, 2008 which held face to face interview in 29 minutes 5 seconds. The type of interview
was qualitative interview which regarded qualitative data using interview protocol with spesific topics and open-ended questions were asked in any order Burke
Christensen, 2008. Tasmer and Richey suggested “using open-ended questions
that allow for a wide range of potential answer” Morrison, Ross, Kalman, Kemp, 2011, p. 69. This instrument was used to gather the infromation from the
target teacher. The interview was conducted one time for data collection, between teacher and interviewer.
54
2. Research Instrument of the Preliminary Field Testing
For main product revision, the questionnaires were distributed to the experts to fill out personally using their background knowledge and experiences in
teaching. To construct the questionnaires, the researcher followed the same stages like in research and information collecting. There are two variables which were
the suitibility of the materials and the integration of the activities Kemp, 1977. Accordingly, the researcher developed ten statements and spaces for criticisms or
suggestions. Some statements revealed the appearance and clarity of the topics, instructions, and materials. The other statements perceived the pre until post
activities as unity to provide an efficient and effective flow. The measurement used Likert scale; fourth scales Widoyoko, 2012. Due to that, the gathered data
were in the form of quantitative data and qualitative data.
F. Data Gathering Techniques
For data gathering techniques, the researcher conducted data gathering techniques of the research and information collecting and the preliminary field
testing. The research and information collecting covered observing a class, distributing the questionnaires to the target students and interviewing the target
teacher. Then preliminary field testing covered distributing questionnaires to the experts. The techniques of the data gathering are explained in detail as follows.
55
1. Data Gathering Techniques of the Research and Information
Collecting
The data gathering techniques of the research and information collecting covered conducting observation, survey, and interview technique. Before
observing one class, the researcher browsed the needed information that was able to be used as sources for the whole design process. The researcher read books,
journals, e-books, etc from the library and internet to collect the scienctific theories. The theories were used to conduct the research. Then the researcher
observed one class to gather information upon the students ‟ and teacher‟s
backgrounds. Nevertheless, the observation data were not reported because they were used for earlier considerations to conduct this research.
Fruthermore, the researcher conducted survey using questionnaire technique. The questionaires delivered a self-reported data from every student
mantaining the variables of the study. The students fill out the questionnaires based on their own knowledge, experiences, needs, and wants. The questionnaires
used Likert 4 scale which is shown in table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Sample of the Questionnaire
No PERNYATAAN
SKALA I
Activitas Membaca dan Menulis di Dalam Kelas 01
Saya suka belajar membaca di dalam kelompok 1
2 3
4
Moreover, the researcher interviewed the target teacher. The target teacher was interviewed in 29 minutes 5 seconds. The teacher gave the answers based on
his experiences, knowledge, and teaching skills. The results of the interview were
56 recorded and transcribed in a transcription. The data that were gathered were in
the form of qualitative data.
2. Data Gathering Technique of the Preliminary Field Testing
For preliminary field testing, the researcher used the questionnaire technique to get responses on of the materials evaluation, comments, critiques,
and suggestions from the experts. The experts filled out the questionnaires personally depen
ding on expert‟s experiences and background knowledge. The experts rated their preferences using Likert 4 scale and gave comments, critiques,
and suggestions to improve the designed materials. The data were colleted in the form of quantitative and qualitative data.
G. Data Analysis Techniques
In this study, there were quantitative and qualitative data, which were analyzed using mean score and coding schema. There were two sections which
were data analysis techniques of reasearh and information collecting and preliminary field testing. The research and information collecting covered the
results of the questionnaires and the results of the qualitative interview. Then preliminary field testing included the quetionnaire results with sufficient
comments from the experts.
