Critical Approach Review of Related Theories

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of review of related theories, review on the early American history: the clash between the Indians and the Whites and theoretical framework. The review of related theories presents theories of literature and psychology. The review on the early American history: the clash between the Indians and the Whites presents the socio-historical background of the related issue. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework arranges the application of the used theories in the analysis.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

The discussion of this part consists of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of perception, theory of relationship and general theory of gender differences.

2.1.1 Critical Approach

Critical approach is a way of that a researcher takes to analyze an object of a study. Through which the researcher focuses on a topic and prevents the out spreading of the unnecessary elaboration. According to Abrams 1981 literary criticism is “the overall term in the use for studies concerned with defining, analyzing, classifying, interpreting and evaluating the work of literature” p. 49. The way people criticize a work of literature varies and it is called critical approach. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12 Critical approach has at least five aspects of analyzing an object of study and each of which has a different purpose of analyzing. Rohrberger and Woods Jr. 1971 propose that there are at least five ways of critical approach used to analyze the work of literature. The first is the formalist approach in which the focus of analysis is merely on the aesthetic value of literature. Secondly, it is the biographical approach, an approach in which the focus is on understanding and uncovering the values of a work of art based on the author’s biography. Third is the socio-cultural-historical approach. This approach analyzes a work of literature with the reference on the socio-cultural-historical background. The emphasis of this approach is exploring the background setting: place; situation; and condition happening in the work of art and in the reality. The forth is the mythopoeia approach in which the background of the study is referenced from some related myths. The fifth is the psychological approach which refers to theories of psychology to analyze some intrinsic elements of literature pp. 6-15. From those five critical approaches, a researcher can decide what to analyze in a right direction without losing a crucial idea or even over elaborating the topic. The critical approaches applied in this study of literature are the psychological and the socio-cultural-historical approach. The psychological approach analyzes the case of perception between two main characters in the novel towards Indians and the socio-historical approach explores the relationships between the Indians and the whites in the novel and in accordance with the reality happening at certain time in the past. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 13

2.1.2 Character