Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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2.3 Theoretical Framework

The theory of approach indicates the main direction of the study that will lead to a conclusion. They are the Psychological and the Socio-Historical Approach. The Psychological approach leads this study into the case of perception between two characters about the Indians. The perception making is indeed influenced by the different gender, experiences, and the knowledge of the main characters. By using the theory of Gender Stereotypes, this study finds the characterization of John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar that will then contribute to the mechanism system of perception making. The analysis of perception making undergoes the experiences and knowledge that John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar have related to the Indians. This approach refers to the analysis through the psychological aspect and connects the case with the theories of some experts. The Socio-Historical Approach provides some background knowledge of what happened in the past in accordance with the case of perception. There are proofs about the Indians’ past life, the Whites’ arrival in the New World, the contrast tradition between the Indians and the Whites that happened in the past, and the clash between the Whites and the Indians. Those theories aim to prove whether the story depicts what really happened at the past or merely a thought reflection of the writer. The implementation of the Socio-Historical approach lies in the points of the analysis part; providing reflections and comparisons about the historical proofs in the past and in what has been written in the story. It helps the theory of perception and the case building of this study since the experiences of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 37 both characters, John Cooper and Catarina, are impulsively aroused and influenced by those realities of fact. The theory of character and characterization provide the basic understanding of how the writer created the characters and how he suited them with their manner, speaking, thoughts, ideas, performance and etc. These theories help analyze the first objective of finding John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s characterization and their roles in the story. In general, the theories of character and characterization help find the personalities of those two main characters. The personalities of John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar that are reflected through their characterization then work as the psychological factors that help the analysis of perception making. Thus, these two theories help augment the analysis on the perception field. The core theory in this study is perception because it mostly influences the analysis and brings it to a resolution. Perception underlies the essential analysis of how John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar perceive and respond to the Indians based on their very own experiences, way of thinking, manner and historical background and gender differences. The flow of the analysis undergoes the mechanism system of perception as Reality Æ Perceptual Field Æ Reacting Part ÅÆ Emotion and thought. The events happening in the story reflects the Reality of the perceived object. Those events are related to the Indians whom John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar perceive. Perceptual Field comes as the processor of perception making. Here the mechanism system of perception works and produces perception points that are influenced by John Cooper’s and Catarina de PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 38 Escobar’s characterization, instead. Not only the characterization, but experiences and knowledge of John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar also contribute some impacts to their perception making. Meanwhile; Reacting Part follows up John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s perception as the further reaction through their thoughts and emotions about the Indians. Beside John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s thoughts and emotions related to the Indians, peer relationship and social relationship also become the Reacting Part that reflects further relationships that John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar build with the Indians. The theory of relationship refers to the analysis of how John Cooper builds his relationship with some tribes of the Indians and so does Catarina with the Indians. It portrays the process and the classification of two or more people in having communication, life-sharing, experiences and cooperation. This theory also helps finding John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s Reacting Part which are reflected through their peer and social relationships with the Indians. Relationship theory consists of peer and social relationship. Peer relationship portrays John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s personal experiences with the Indians in person. Meanwhile; social relationship presents their relationship and social affairs with the Indian society. There are four Indian tribes that are involved in the story. They are the Ayuhwa Sioux, the Skidi Pawnee, the Dakota Sioux, and the Jicarilla Apache. In order to find the third objective of this study, the theory of relationship will enlist John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s peer and social relationships with the Indians. Thus, the discussion of the third problem formulation will employ this theory of relationship intensively. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 39 An additional theory of gender differences gives information related to the process of perception between two people of different sexes. It supports the analysis on chapter four; explaining why the difference is here. This theory explains the factors why women and men mostly perceive a thing or two in different ways. This theory is served as the device to find John Cooper’s and Catarina de Escobar’s characterization. The characterization itself represents the personality of John Cooper and Catarina de Escobar as one of their psychological factors of perception making. In other words, the theory of gender stereotypesdiversities contributes background personality of perception theory that will be essential in order to analyze the second formulated problem. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 40

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter three of methodology focuses on object of the study, critical approach and methodology. Object of the study presents the primary source of the study and a brief summary of the novel. The critical approach explains the approach used in this study and the last point explains the methods applied in this study.

3.1 Object of the Study

The object of this study is a novel titled The Hawk and the Dove, written by Leigh Franklin James. This is a novel with strong socio-historical background as the early America rose, involving the pure native of Indians and the new attendances, European people, who introduceded this land to the world. The Whites would then call it as the New World. This novel was published in New York, 1981. As one of the famous and well-known western publishers up to recent days, Bantam Books published with the arrangement with Book Creations, Inc. and this is the first book of a saga of the Southwest with more than three volumes: The Hawk and the Dove, Wings of the Hawk, Revenge of the Hawk, Flight of the Hawk and so on. James contained this novel into 50 chapters and it has 434 pages. The story of The Hawk and the Dove begins when John Cooper in his early fifteen comes home from his duck-hunting with his loyal dog, Lije, and witnesses the Shawnee’s brutal massacre over his family and henceforth his lonely journey with his only Lije begins. In the same occasion when John Cooper PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI