53
2.3 0.8
3.3 11.3
32.1 23.1
14.3 5.9
≥ 6.9
11.0 20.8
46.9 21.3
31.2 5.2
26.0 68.8
79.9 16.9
2.9 0.3
6.2 AGE-GENDER DISTRIB
K L
ION
Figure 6.2.1 and Figure 6.2.2 show the age-gender distribution of patients attending public clinics and private clinics, respectively.
• Females accounted for 59.6 of encounters in public clinics. The proportion of female patients was significantly higher among the adult age groups 20–39 years: 19.0 versus 8.1; 40–59 years:
18.4 versus 11.8, while no significant gender differences were observed among infants, children, adolescents and the elderly.
• In the private sector, the proportions of male and female patients were similar, both overall and across all age groups.
• Patients aged 40–59 years accounted for the greatest proportion 30.3 of encounters recorded in public clinics, while most 44.3 patients who presented to private clinics were between 20 and 39
years of age. • Nearly one-quarter 22.9 of the patients who visited public clinics were 60 years and older, about
2.6 times higher than the projected proportion of elderly in the general population for 2014 reported by the Department of Statistics Malaysia 8.8.
1
In contrast, the proportion of elderly patients in private clinics 9.7 was similar to the projected proportion of elderly population.
Figure 6.2.1: Distribution o
M
public patients by age and gender in 2014
Note: Missing data excluded from analysis.
1 1–4
5–19 20–39
40–59 ≥ 60
Female 1.5
2.5 6.0
19.0 18.4
12.3 Male
1.6 2.4
5.9 8.1
11.8 10.7
5 10
15 20
25 30
35 40
45
N Q
R S
Q T
V W
X Q
T S
W Y
T V
Q R
Z [
\ ]
Age group years
Chapter 6 : The Patients
54
National Medical Care Statistics 2014
Figure 6.2.2: Distribution o private patients by age and gender in 2014
Note: Missing data excluded from analysis
. 6.3 NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY
Figure 6.3.1 and Figure 6.3.2 show the breakdown of patient encounters in public and private clinics by nationality and ethnicity, respectively.
• Majority of the patients in both public and private clinics were Malaysians; non-Malaysians permanent residents and foreigners constituted only 3.3 of the public patient population and 9.1
of the private patient population. The distribution of patients in the private sector was similar to the projected population composition for 2014 reported by the Department of Statistics Malaysia
Malaysians: 92.0; non-Malaysians: 8.0,
1
while the public sector recorded a proportion of non- Malaysians smaller than that in the general population.
• Malay patients were the largest ethnic group utilising primary care 65.6 of encounters in public clinics and 60.4 in private clinics, followed by Chinese 14.4 in public clinics and 26.1 in
private clinics and Indian patients 11.9 in public clinics and 10.0 in private clinics. In comparison with the projected ethnic composition of the Malaysian population for 2014 Malay:
50.6; Chinese: 21.9; Indian: 6.6; other ethnic groups: 20.8,
1
a greater proportion of Malays was seen in both public and private clinics, while the opposite held true for the Indian population.
The proportion of Chinese was lower in the public patient population and higher in the private patient population compared to that in the general population.
1 1–4
5–19 20–39
40–59 ≥ 60
Female 1.0
2.9 5.5
22.7 12.6
5.0 Male
0.8 3.3
6.0 21.6
13.9 4.7
5 10
15 20
25 30
35 40
45
` a
b d
a g
h i
j a
g d
i k
g h
a b
l m
n o
Age group years
55
•
• ≥
Figure 6.3.1: Distribution o
q
public and private patients by nationality in 2014
Note: Missing data excluded from analysis.
Figure 6.3.2: Distribution o
q
public and private patients by ethnicity in 2014
r
Include all ethnic groups that do not fall into the three groups listed Note: Missing data excluded from analysis.
3.3 9.1
96.7 90.9
10 20
30 40
50 60
70 80
90 100
Public Private
s u
v w
u x
y z
{ |
} y
~ u
x y
Malaysian Non-Malaysian
3.5 11.9
10.0 14.4
26.1 65.6
60.4
10 20
30 40
50 60
70 80
90 100
Public Private
s u
v w
u x
y z
{ |
} y
~ u
x y
Malay Chinese
Indian
Chapter 6 : The Patients
56
National Medical Care Statistics 2014
6.4 MODE OF PAYMENT
The provision of primary care was funded by different mechanisms in different sectors. • All patient encounters in public clinics were paid for by government subsidies.
• In the private sector, more than half 59.7 of the encounters were paid for through out-of-pocket payments, while nearly all of the remaining encounters 39.1 were paid, either fully or partially,
by third party payers, such as private insurance, employers and managed care organisations Figure 6.4.1.
Figure 6.4.1: Distribution o
private patients by mode o
payment in 2014
Combination of two or more modes of payment
Includes Foreign Workers Medical Examination Monitoring Agency FOMEMA, Social Security Organisation SOCSO and no payment
Note: Missing data excluded from analysis.
6.5 INDIVI
L INCOME
Individual income of patients presenting to primary care was captured in NMCS 2014. For patients less than 15 years old who had income reported in the survey questionnaires, the type of income was
assumed to be parental income. Figure 6.5.1 shows the distribution of public and private patients by type of income, while the income distribution of patients who reported having a personal income is
presented in Figure 6.5.2. • Nearly half 45.5 of the patients seen in public clinics reported having no income. In contrast,
more than two-thirds 70.9 of private patients reported having personal income, including 4.0 who were on pension.
• In general, patients who visited private clinics had higher incomes than those who presented to public clinics. Nearly two-thirds 63.0 of the patients who earned less than MYR 1,000 per
month attended public clinics, while private patients constituted 79.3 of the patients who had a monthly income of MYR 3,000 or over.
Third party payer
¡ ¢
Combination
£ ¤
¥
¦ §¨
£ ¤
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