Kinds of Vocabulary The General Concept of Vocabulary

11 Based on Sydney in his book, The Oxford English Grammar there are some rules for particular cases in regular verbs. 13 Those are: a If the base ends in –e, drop the –e before adding –ed, Table 2.1 Simple Form of The Verb Past Tense Past Participle deceive deceived deceived save saved saved receive received received damage damaged damaged b If the base ends in –ee, -oe, -ie, or –ye, keep the final –e Table 2.2 Simple Form of The Verb Past Tense Past Participle disagree disagreed disagreed hoe hoed hoed die died died dye dyed dyed c If the base ends in a consonant plus –y, we can change the –y to –i and then add –ed. Table 2.3 Simple Form of The Verb Past Tense Past Participle worry worried worried cry cried cried apply applied applied deny denied denied d If a vowel precedes the final –y, we just add -ed Table 2.4 Simple Form of The Verb Past Tense Past Participle play played played annoy annoyed annoyed betray betrayed betrayed obey obeyed obeyed destroy destroyed destroyed 13 Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc., 1996, p. 125. 12 But there are some exceptions where the –y changes to –i, even though a vowel precedes the -y: for example the words lay, pay, say and mislay. Those words can not be added by –ed, because those words can be categorized as irregular verbs by removing the –y and then adding –id like lay, paid, mislaid and said. 14 e If the base ends in –c, the –c is not effect generally doubled as –ck even though the final syllable of the base is not stressed: Table 2.5 Simple Form of The Verb Past Tense Past Participle panic panicked panicked traffic trafficked trafficked picnic picnicked picnicked 2.b. Irregular Verb Irregular verbs are the verbs that do not from the past and the past participle by adding –d or –ed to the infinitive. 15 Irregular verbs occur when the simple past and past participle do not end in –ed. 16 There are some rules of change in irregular verbs, and irregular verbs may have three, four, five forms, depending on whether one form is used for two or three form types. 17 It can be clearly explained as follows: 1 With some irregular verbs, the simple past tense and simple past participle are the same as the base form: Table 2.6 Simple Form of The Verb Past Tense Past Participle hit hit hit cut cut cut put put put read read read spread spread spread 14 Sidney Greenbaum. loc. cit. 15 Brown, op. cit., p. 133. 16 Murphy. loc. cit. 17 Sidney Greenbaum, op, cit., p. 126.