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a. The Nature of Speaking
There are four basic skills namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Both speaking and writing belong to productiveactive skills; meanwhile
reading and listening belong to receptivepassive skills. Reading and writing are expressed through visual medium, whereas speaking and listening are expressed
through oral medium. According to Widdowson 1978:58 speaking is an active and productive activity that uses organs of hearing media. It is a part of reciprocal
exchange in which both reception and production play a part. The acts communication through speaking is commonly performed in face-to-face
interaction and occurs as a part of a dialogue or other form of verbal exchange.
b. The Process of Speaking
According to Rivers 1968:158 learning a second language is more than learning description of it. It is only what a foreign language means or how to learn
a foreign language but we also have to know what is involved in the process of speaking and listening. In order to have a clear understanding in the process of
speaking, it is important to understand the model of communication system, which is derived from the work of Shannon and Weaver, as shown in the figure3.
From the diagram, we can see that the information source emits a message, which is encoded for transmission as signal. This signal passes through a channel
to a receiver, which decodes the message for use as its destination. Rivers says that to teach the Speaking skill it is necessary to understand the
process involved in speech. Through speech, man expresses his emotion, communicates his intention, reacts to other persons and situation and influences
other human beings Rivers, 1968: 50.
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According to Rivers 1968:54, “to teach the speaking skill the teachers should provide themselves to speak the foreign language all the time in the
classroom, and the students will, at the same time begin to speak it fluently”. That is why in designing the materials the writer tries to design the materials which will
force the students and the teachers to speak English all the time in the classroom.
Message Received signal
Transmitted signal Noise signal
Figure 3: Model of Communication System Rivers, 1968:158
c. Teaching Techniques
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