13 fulfill their needs. In creating the text, the writer also focuses on process of
writing such as planning, drafting and revising. Besides focusing on the process of writing, the writer also focuses on the genre of writing in which the writer can
determine the model of text that will be written and the social function and cultural context of the text.
c. Kinds of Writing
H. Douglas Brown 2004:219 classifies the genres of writing into three main genres, namely academic writing, job-related writing and personal writing.
The academic writing consists of papers and general subject reports, essays, compositions, academically focused journals, short-answer test responses
technical reports such as lab reports, theses and dissertation. Job-related writing consists of messages, lettersemails, memos, reports, schedule, advertisement and
announcements. Personal writing consists of letters, email, greeting cards, invitations, diaries, personal journals, and fiction such as short stories and poetry.
The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing mentions five kinds of writing 2003: 6-7. They are exposition, description, narration, persuasion and
entertaining.
1 Exposition
Exposition refers to the way how something works in daily life. It can be the facts, theories, ideas, or feelings. It is organized logically around the forms of
causeeffect, truefalse, lessmore, positivenegative, generalparticular, and assertiondenial. The connectives that are used in exposition writing are therefore,
however, and so, besides, but, not only, more important, in fact, and for example.
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2 Description
Description deals with perception about something that must be arranged in a significant pattern. The pattern is organized spatially in the term of:
abovebelow, beforebehind, rightleft, and so on.
3 Narration
Narration refers to a series of events that must be organized in sequence of time and to reveal their significance. Narration is a basic writing strategy for
presenting action. The important thing in narration is sequencing. The using of temporal transition such as then, when, at that time, before after, while is urgent in
developing a narration.
4 Persuasion
Persuasion refers to one’s conviction about something. The way how the writer writes must show hisher conviction to persuade other people or the reader.
It can be an argumentative writing, satire or eloquence.
5 Entertaining
Entertaining includes fiction, personal essays and sketches. Entertaining is categorized as personal writing. The characteristics of entertaining text are short
and informal. 3. Competency-based Language Teaching
Competency-Based Language Teaching CBLT historically based on
Competency-Based Education CBE developed in the United States in 1970s. Competency Based Education is outcome based instruction and is adaptive to the
changing needs of students, teachers, and the community. Competencies describe
15 the student’s ability to apply basic and other skills in situations that are commonly
encountered in everyday life. Thus CBE is based on a set of outcomes that are derived from an analysis of tasks typically required of students in life role
situations. The characteristics of CBE are described by Schenk 1978 as follows:
“Competency-based education has much in common with such approaches to learning as performances-based instruction, mastery learning and
individualized instruction. It is outcome-based and is adaptive to the changing needs of students, teachers and the community. … Competencies
differ from other student goals and objectives in that they describe the students’ ability to apply basic and other skills in situations that are
commonly encountered in everyday life. Thus CBE is based on a set of outcomes that are derived from an analysis of task typically required of
students in life role situations.” Schenk, 1978: vi
Typically the characteristic of CBE is on its outcomes. The application of CBE in language teaching and learning aims to achieve the competencies such as
the students, teachers and society hope. These also give the basic for CBLT. CBLT is based on a functional and interactive perspective on the nature of
language. Language is used for interaction in certain social context. The results that are achieved from the application of CBLT are that the competencies are
specific and practical, the learners can judge whether the competencies seem relevant and useful, the competencies that will be taught and tested are specific
and public-hence the learner understands precisely their needs, and competencies can be mastered one at a time so the learner can see what has been learned.
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4. Materials a. The Principle in Material Writing
