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they have no motivation to participate, the opportunity given to participate is also limited. Therefore, the STAD method which will help them to improve their
participation in the learning process through the peer interaction, cooperation, and communication was chosen as the solution to their problem.
5. Classroom Action Research
Fraenkel and Wallen 1990 state that “action research is a research
conducted by one or more individuals or group for the purpose of solving a problem or obtaining information in order to inform local practice
”. Fraenkel and Wallen add that action research rooted in the interests and needs of practitioners.
Burns 1990 states that “action research involves taking a self-reflective, critical
and systematic approach to exploring your own teaching contexts ” p. 2.
Therefore, in action research the teacher become an investigator or explorer of his or her own teaching contexts.
6. Approach, Method and Technique
According to Setiyadi 2006, “an approach is a set of correlative
assumptions dealing with the nature of language and the nature of language learning and teaching
” p. 8. Based on Anthony‟s model as cited by Richards and Rodgers 2001 that
“approach is the level at which assumptions and beliefs about language and language learning are specified; method is the level at which theory is put into
practice and at which choices are made about the particular skills to be taught, the content to be taught, and the order in which the content will be presented;
technique is the level at which classroom procedures are described.”
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher presents the theoretical description and theoretical framework of the research. The theoretical description section covers
the elaboration of each theory related to the research topic, namely the elaboration of teaching adolescents, student participation, and the Cooperative Learning
Approach. In the theoretical framework, the researcher describes how the theories are employed in the research.
A. Theoretical Description
In this part, the researcher discusses three topics to strengthen the results and findings of the research, i.e. teaching adolescent, student participation, and the
Cooperative Learning Approach.
1. Teaching Adolescents
This part discusses two theories of teaching adolescents related to this research. They are nature of teaching adolescents and characteristics of
adolescents.
a. Nature of Teaching Adolescents
Teaching adolescents is always becoming a challenging experience. Teacher cannot directly teach the young adult students or the adolescents without
having the knowledge about their natural condition. Without understanding their nature of growth, both physically and emotionally, the teacher will not have
enough basic to teach them and becoming their adviser in the learning. At first,
