Frequency of Compound Nouns in Selected Articles

49 endocentric. It means that the meaning of the compound is related to the head see also Katamba, 1993; O Graddy, 1997; Quirk et al, 1985. Meanwhile, the frequencies of exocentric and verbal compounds are not so many. There are only 11 exocentric compounds out of 4659 words and seven verbal compounds out of 4659 words in the selected articles written by national writers in The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 up to early 2015. After showing the frequency of the occurrence of the lexical items and types of compound nouns used by national writers, the researcher discusses the frequency of the occurrence of compound nouns used by international writers. In Sci-Tech and Digital Life section in late 2014 up to early 2015, there are 16 articles written by international writers. The tables below exhibit the frequency of the occurrence of the compound nouns. The first table shows the lexical items that form the compound nouns and the second table displays the types of compound nouns used by international writers. Table 4.8: Frequency of Forms Used by International Writers No Articles Frequency of Lexical Items which Form Compound Nouns Left- headed Words N-N A-N P-N V-N 1 Timeline of The Sony Pictures Entertainment Hack 9 3 1 1 1086 2 The Best Benchmark Is You 12 3 1133 3 PlayStation, Xbox Outages Spark Debate over Hacker Claims 5 2 2 681 4 FTC Chief Says Gadget Industry Must 7 2 506 50 Prioritize Privacy 5 At The Gadget Show: Blackberry Promotes Security Expertise 5 1 368 6 Social Media Has Positives, Pitfalls for Actors, Producers 4 3 1 438 7 Obama’s Cybersecurity Proposals Part of Decade-Old Programs 6 3 809 8 Facebook Founder Launches Free Internet Project in Colombia 3 1 536 9 Google to Stop Consumer Sales of Glass to Redesign Device 5 1 537 10 Samsung Launches Tizen-Powered TVs in Home Market 6 2 237 11 Your Info Has Been Hacked. Here’s What You Should Do 10 2 1 695 12 Newsweek Twitter Feed Briefly Hacked 1 1 232 13 Samsung Buying Mobile-Pay Co. in Bid to Challenge Apple Pay 5 1 404 14 US Announces Reward for Accused Prolific Cyber Hacker 3 114 15 Vandalism in US State Shows the Internet’s Vulnerability 6 361 16 Facebook Adds New Gender Option for Users: Fill in the Blank 2 400 Total 88 23 2 4 3 8537 The table displays that there are 88 compound nouns out of 8537 words are formed by a noun and a noun from 16 articles written by international writers. 51 Besides, there are 23 compounds out of 8537 words which are formed by an adjective and a noun. The combination of a preposition and a noun also exists. From 16 articles, there are two compounds out of 8537 words are formed by a preposition and a noun. Four compounds out of 8537 words which are formed by a verb and a noun also occur in the articles written by international writers. Moreover, the frequency of left-headed compounds in the articles written by national writers is the same as articles written by international writers. After discussing the frequency of lexical items that form compound nouns used by international writers, the researcher provides the next table. This table shows the frequency of the types of compound nouns. The table also displays the date of publication of each article. The table can be seen below. Table 4.9: Frequency of Types Used by International Writers No Articles Frequency of Types Words Percen- tage Endo Exo Verbal 1 Timeline of The Sony Pictures Entertainment Hack 10 3 1 1086 1.3 2 The Best Benchmark Is You 5 1 9 1133 1.3 3 PlayStation, Xbox Outages Spark Debate over Hacker Claims 8 1 681 1.3 4 FTC Chief Says Gadget Industry Must Prioritize Privacy 7 2 506 1.8 5 At The Gadget Show: Blackberry Promotes Security Expertise 4 1 1 368 1.6 6 Social Media Has Positives, Pitfalls for Actors, Producers 7 1 438 1.8 7 Obama’s Cybersecurity 5 2 2 809 1.1 52 Proposals Part of Decade- Old Programs 8 Facebook Founder Launches Free Internet Project in Colombia 4 536 0.7 9 Google to Stop Consumer Sales of Glass to Redesign Device 5 1 537 1.1 10 Samsung Launches Tizen- Powered TVs in Home Market 6 2 237 3.4 11 Your Info Has Been Hacked. Here’s What You Should Do 12 1 695 1.9 12 Newsweek Twitter Feed Briefly Hacked 1 1 232 0.9 13 Samsung Buying Mobile- Pay Co. in Bid to Challenge Apple Pay 3 1 2 404 1.5 14 US Announces Reward for Accused Prolific Cyber Hacker 2 1 114 2.6 15 Vandalism in US State Shows the Internet’s Vulnerability 5 1 361 1.7 16 Facebook Adds New Gender Option for Users: Fill in the Blank 2 400 0.5 Total 84 12 24 8537 24.5 Average 1.5 Based on the previous table, there are many endocentric compounds found in the articles written by international writers. From 16 articles, the researcher analyzed 84 endocentric compounds out of 8537 words. This kind of compound is the most common compound in English Bauer, 1983; Bauer, 1998; Katamba, 1993. Besides, there are 12 exocentric compounds and 24 verbal or synthetic compounds out of 8537 words in the articles. 53 In order to give clear description about the frequency of types of compound nouns in the articles, the researcher provides the following table. It is about the percentage of types of compound nouns used by national and international writers. This percentage will give information to the readers on how frequent national and international writers use the compound nouns. Table 4.10: Percentage of Types Used by National and International Writers No National Writers International Writers Article Percentage Article Percentage En- do Exo Ver- bal All En- do Exo Ver- bal All 1 Weave … 1.7 0.1 1.8 Time- line … 0.9 0.3 0.1 1.3 2 Selfie Lovers, … 0.6 0.5 1.1 The Best… 0.4 0.1 0.8 1.3 3 Offer- ing Google … 2.4 0.1 0.1 2.6 Play- Station, … 1.2 0.1 1.3 4 Lin- kedin Gains … 1.2 0.4 0.4 2 FTC Chief… 1.4 0.4 1.8 5 … Galaxy Takes … 1.1 0.4 1.5 At The Gadget … 1 0.3 0.3 1.6 6 Mobo market … 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.4 Social Media … 1.6 0.2 1.8 7 … Music on the Road 1.8 1.8 Obama’ s … 0.7 0.2 0.2 1.1 8 … Busin- ess in His … 1.3 0.7 2 Face- book Found- er … 0.7 0.7 54 9 … Differ- ent Brands, Differ- ent Role 2.1 0.2 0.2 2.5 Google to Stop … 0.9 0.2 1.1 10 Sam- sung … 2.5 0.9 3.4 11 Your Info... 1.7 0.2 1.9 12 News- week… 0.4 0.4 0.8 13 Sam- sung Buying … 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.5 14 US … 1.7 0.9 2.6 15 Vandal- ism ,,, 1.4 0.3 1.7 16 Face- book Adds … 0.5 0.5 Total 13 2.7 1 16.7 17.2 1.9 5.3 24.4 Average 1.4 0.3 0.1 1.9 1.1 0.1 0.3 1.5 Based on the table, it can be concluded that endocentric compounds have the highest percentage among the other types of compounds. In the articles written by national writers, there are 1.4 of endocentric compounds, 0.3 exocentric compounds, and 0.1 verbal compounds. Meanwhile, the percentages of compound nouns used by international writers are 1.1 for endocentric compounds, 0.1 for exocentric compounds, and 0.3 for verbal compounds. In a nutshell, the most compound nouns that occur in the articles written by national and international writers in The Jakarta Post online edition in late 55 2014 until early 2015 are endocentric. Moreover, the lexical items that form those compounds are mostly a noun and a noun. The other combination like an adjective and a noun, a verb and a noun, a preposition and a noun also occur in the articles written by national and international writers. Even the rare compounds like left- headed compounds also exist in the articles. However, the national writers use more compound nouns than the international writers with the percentage 1.9. Meanwhile, the percentage of compound nouns used by the international writers is only 1.5. It indicates that the national writers use compound nouns more frequently than the international writers. 56

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part contains the final results of the research that were found by the researcher. The second part presents the recommendations related to this topic for the readers.

A. Conclusions

The research was done in order to find out the types and the frequency of compound nouns in the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015. Those articles were selected and sorted into two groups. The first group is the articles written by national writers and the second group is the articles written by international writers. The first research question is related to the types of compound nouns used by national writers and international writers. However, the researcher also analyzed the lexical items that form those compound nouns. Based on the result in chapter four, most of compound nouns used by national writers are formed by a noun and a noun. There are some examples of compound nouns that are formed by a noun and a noun. They are notebook, price tag, and facebook. Those compound nouns are used by national writers. Moreover, the researcher explored some compounds used by national writers which are formed by an adjective and a noun like whiteboard, social page, and smartphone. Besides, there are compound 57 nouns which are formed by a verb and a noun for instance flip cover and snap shot . Some compounds which are formed by a preposition and a noun also occur in the articles, for example, underbelly, under water, and under representation. On the other hand, there are also compound nouns that consist of a noun and a noun used by international writers. They are bank account, credit card, and newspaper . Besides, first lady, white house, and smart TV are compound nouns formed by an adjective and a noun. There are also some examples of compound nouns formed by a verb and a noun like passwords and playstation. Some compound nouns formed by a preposition and a noun also exist in the articles written by international writers, for instance, afternoon, midday, and overseas. Besides, some left-headed compounds used by national and international writers are cashback, feedback, and nationwide. After discussing lexical items that form compound nouns, the researcher did the research about the types of those compound nouns. This study confirms that most compound nouns used by national and international writers are endocentric compounds. The examples of endocentric compound nouns used by national and international writers are sunlight and window sticker. Meanwhile, exocentric compounds used by national and international writers are whiteboard, and white house. The researcher also analyzed verbal compounds. They are image stabilizer which is used by national writers and phone maker which is used by international writers. 58 In conclusion, there are 54 compound nouns out of 4659 words used by national writers which are formed by a noun and a noun. However, the researcher explored 88 compound nouns out of 8537 words formed by a noun and a noun used by international writers. Even though the frequency is different, the researcher concludes that most of the articles in Sci-Tech and Digital Life columns of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 - early 2015 contains compound nouns formed by a noun and a noun. Besides, the number of endocentric compounds used by national writers is 70. Meanwhile, there are 84 endocentric compound nouns used by international writers. As for the exocentric compounds, national writers wrote 11. The international writers also wrote 12 exocentric compounds. Even though verbal compounds are part of endocentric compound, the researcher does not merge the frequency of the verbal compounds into endocentric compounds. The verbal compounds that can be found in the articles written by national writers are seven. On the other hand, the international writers wrote 24 synthetic or verbal compounds. It can be concluded that the most compound nouns in the articles were endocentric. That finding indicates that international writers contribute more in writing the articles in The Jakarta Post online edition since there are 16 articles written by international writers. This contribution might be because in that period of time, there is a hacking situation in the USA that makes international writers wrote the articles related to hacking problems. It also proves that articles about science and 59 technology contain more compound nouns than other articles. Because of the technology development, there are some terms about technology which are in the forms of compounds, for instance, software, hardware, facebook, and many more. In spite of the high number of the articles written by international writers, national writers have higher percentage of compound nouns than international writers. The percentage of compound nouns used by national writers is 1.9, while the percentage of compound nouns used by international writers is 1.5. It might be because the articles written by national writers talk about new products which have new features. Those features usually are in the form of compounds, for example, power bank and flip cover. Besides, it might be because of lack of vocabulary so that national writers cannot develop more words than international writers.

B. Recommendations

Based on the results of the research, the researcher would like to give some recommendations to the readers. It is proven that the frequency of the occurrence of compound nouns in the articles is high. This study about compound nouns may be beneficial for English Language Education Study Program students, lecturers, and future researchers. The students of English Language Education Study Program can learn more about compound nouns. Studying about compound nouns is important for them because it is integrated in the morphology study. It is the study that the 60 students must take in the English Language Education Study Program. Besides, they will be more aware of the types of compound nouns which usually occur in the online newspaper like The Jakarta Post. They can also know what kind of compound nouns usually used by national writers and international writers. Besides, if there is an assignment that involves the newspaper as the references, the students can interpret the meaning of compounds in the articles precisely. In other words, it will help them to improve their reading comprehension. It is because they know how to differentiate between compounds and phrases. For the lecturers, this study of compound nouns can help them to find authentic materials or cases for morphology. They can show the types of compound nouns usually used by national writers or international writers. The lecturers can explain about compound nouns better because they have authentic examples of compound nouns. In addition, this study of compound nouns can help future researchers to conduct a similar topic. Future researchers can conduct same research with different newspaper. Besides, future researchers can conduct the similar research but with different compounds, for instance, compound adjectives and compound verbs.