Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

11 There are a lot of things that can be learned from morphology. They are morpheme, affixation, inflection, derivation, and word-formation. Morpheme is the single basic unit of meaning O‟ Graddy, 1997. Meanwhile, affixation is the adding of prefix, suffix, or infix in a morpheme. This affixation can cause an inflection which produces the word forms of given lexeme but still in the same lexical, for instance fly becomes flies. Meanwhile, derivation produces the different forms of a lexeme in a different lexical. The example of derivation is lexeme write which is a verb becomes writer which is a noun. As for the word-formation, there are many kinds of word-formation. They are compound, blend, conversion, and many more. Since this study is related to compound, the word-formation that would be discussed is compound. The further explanation about compound can be seen in the next topic. 2. Compound Compound or compounding can be defined as the combination of two or more words which acts as a single lexical item. Katamba 1993 argues that a compound word consists of at least two bases which are words, or root morphemes. He also adds that the bases which form the compound word can occur anywhere as independent words. In another book, Matthews 2009 states that compound is formed by two or simpler lexemes. He chooses the lexeme instead of word or base. It is because he differentiates the word-formation and compounding. In word-formation, a complex lexeme is directly related to a simpler lexeme. On the other hand, the larger unit in compounding is related to at least two simpler lexemes. 12 The terms word and lexeme are different. According to O‟Graddy 1997, words are the free forms found in language. Meanwhile, Katamba 1993 declares that the definition of word is not always clear. Therefore, he categorizes word into three categories based on the variety of senses that the word has. The first category is lexeme. Katamba 1993 mentions that lexemes are the vocabulary items which exist in the dictionary. The example is when there is a word cried, the readers will not try to find the word cried in the dictionary but they will try to find the word cry. In this sense, the word cry is a lexeme. Although it also has many forms, for instance, cries, crying, and cried, it is still considered as one lexeme cry because they have the same meaning. The second category is word- form. “The term word refers to physical realisation of that lexeme in speech or writing” Katamba, 1993, p.18. Therefore, cry , cries, crying, and cried can be considered as four words. The last category is the grammatical word Katamba, 1993. In this sense, the word is seen as a representation of a lexeme which is associated with morpho- syntactic properties. Noun, adjective, verb, tense, and gender are parts of morpho- syntactic properties. For instance, I cut the bread in the table every morning is compared to I cut the bread yesterday. Those two sentences have the same word- form cut and they belong to the lexeme CUT. However, they represent two different grammatical words. The first cut represents the present tense and the second one represents the past tense. In addition, Frank 1972 confirms that compound is “a group of words two or more which are joined into one vocabulary unit that functions as a single 13 part of speech” p.7. Besides, Curme 1947 declares that a compound noun is “a group of two or more nouns that often for ms a unit, a compound” p.12. In spite of the different opinions between those experts, the core meaning of compound is the same. They agree that compound is a single lexical item which is formed by at least two or more lexical categories noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. After discussing compound, this thesis is going to talk about noun. 3. Noun One of the lexical items in English is Noun. It is considered as the most important part of speech because it can be used in almost every sentence and also called the main word of a sentence. It is the same like what Frank 1972 states that “... it may function as the chief or „head‟ word in many structures of modification ” p.6. Moreover, there are four main classifications of nouns based on Frank‟s and Cu rme‟s theories. Those classifications are inflectional, plural inflectional, possessive inflectional, and derivational nouns. The researcher decided to discuss these forms of nouns because the last form of nouns is related to compounds. The following are the forms of nouns: a. Inflectional Frank 1972 argues that the forms of nouns can be changed because of certain grammar properties. The examples of inflectional nouns may determine the gender, for example actor and actress. Besides, it can explain a case, for instance Ann sleeps and I sleep. Moreover, inflectional nouns can show the number: chair and chairs. 14 b. Plural Inflectional The plural of English nouns can be shown by adding –s or –es to the singular form of noun Frank, 1972. The examples are boy becomes boys and box becomes boxes. c. Possessive Inflectional The singular form of noun can be changed into possessive form by adding the „s. The examples of this kind of form are the man’s hat, the boy’s ball , and the girl’s shoes. d. Derivational Nouns Frank 1972 declares that the parts of speech which have the derivational forms are only nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They may also be the part-of-speech indicators. In addition, Curme 1947: 12 argues that from all those forms of nouns, derivative nouns are similar to compound nouns. It is because the derivative nouns are formed by adding a suffix to a noun, or an adjective, or a verb. The examples of those suffixes are –ness, -ship, -ess, -ing, -er, -dom, and –th. Moreover, other endings like –y, -kin, -ette, -ie, -ling, and –lett also can be attached to adjective or noun to make derivative nouns. The examples of those kinds of nouns can be seen in the table below. Table 2.1: Derivational Nouns NO EXAMPLES 1 Skinship 2 Awareness 3 Boredom 4 Warmth 5 Heiress