Therefore, that is why intra-sentential switching is said to be the most difficult one. It needs high awareness and understanding of both language.
2.
The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in
Antologi Rasa
As what has stated before, this section answered the research question number two. Therefore, as stated in Chapter II, this research used Appel and
Muysken’s 1987 theory about the speech functions of code switching. There are six speech functions according to Appel and Muysken 1987. However, not all of
the six speech functions are used by Keara.
a. The Referential Function
The referential function is used when someone uses code switching because he does not know or cannot find the right word in some languages. It
refers to code switching because of the lack of vocabulary or because there is no such terms to describe the word in other languages. It is the most common
function that most people are mistaken since they believe that someone who uses code switching is lacking in vocabulary.
In the novel, there are 41 referential functions of code switching. One of them is expressed in the monologue below. The monologue is when Keara had a
dinner with Ruly in Kopi Tiam Oey. At that time, Keara was a bit tired after finishing her meeting. Keara’s way to refresh her mind was by taking pictures.
Aku mengangkat mata dari
viewfinder
kameraku.
Monologue, p. 45
Here, Keara said the word ‘viewfinder’ which refers to a small part of a camera that you look through to see what photograph you are going to take. There is no
exact term of Indonesian word to describe the word ‘viewfinder’. Therefore,
Keara used code switching here as the referential function. Another example of the referential function is shown in the dialogue bellow.
Harris :
Abis lo diem terus dari tadi, takut gue. Bukan karena kita terpaksa sekamar dan gue ngoroknya kenceng, kan?
Keara :
Ngorok lo emang kenceng, Risjad, ingetin gue beli
earplug
sebelum kita pulang nanti, ya.
Harris :
Ngapain pake
earplug?
Dengan
iPod
lo itu aja elo udah sukses ngacangin gue seharian.
Dialogue, p. 55
The dialogue takes place in Bonsai Garden when Keara and Harris just walked around the Orchard Road. Harris was
Keara’s best friend. Both of them understood English well. They usually used code switching when they talked to
each other. The dialogue happens when they went to Bonsai Garden because the wheater was quite hot. Moreover, Harris was worried because Keara stayed quite
all the day. From the dialogue, Keara said the word
‘earplug’. Here, ‘earplug’ is a small and soft material, such as cotton or plastic that it put into your ear to reduce
noises. Actually, the Indonesia term of ‘earplug’ is ‘penyumbat telinga’. However,
the term of ‘penyumbat telinga’ is rarely known. Moreover, ‘earplug’ refers to
something which is cooler than ‘penyumbat telinga’.
Both of the examples of referential functions are related to technology. Technology is mostly produced in America. That is why most of technology’s
terms are in English. Therefore, most of technology’s terms are not translated into Indonesian.
b. The Directive Function
