CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis is not a simple field of study. It covers the use of language, spoken and written, in the real communication. Discourse analysis in its everyday
practice deals with texts as heterogeneous as advertisements, biological research articles, police interviews, newspaper editorials, and life stories.
In order not to be wrong in the usage of discourse and text, there are some definitions by the experts of linguistics:
Halliday Hasan in Sinar 2008: 7 say that text is the unit of the language usage. It’s not the grammatical unit like clause and sentence; and it’s not
defined by following its length”. In discourse analysis, the word text generally, refers to the record of situation process discoursal according to Gregory in Sinar 2008: 7
involved without any limitation on language systems. Halliday’s view in Sinar 2008: 7 show that a text uses language where its
source is from oral and written medias without any limitations, which forms the whole units, the unit of language usage; not grammatical unit like clause and
sentence; and is not defined based on its length; has a unity or texture which differs it from the one which is not a text and it involves the semantic relation referred to
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which is called as Cohesion and Coherence in an expressed meaning , it’s not only in CONTENTFORM, but the WHOLE choice of the source of language semantics.
Sinar 2008: 7 cites as a language unit, a text consists of signals and representing the actions undergone by the human beings or meaningful objects and
situations, the symbols which construct THE CONTENTFORM and produce the structure and have the unity of texture. The texture of the text produces a cohesive
and coherence message. The aspect of cohesion and textual coherence plays on important role which show the unity of discourse in language and mark the relation of
the text simultaneously as a potential which is used by the speaker and discourse writer.
Stillar, G in Sinar 2008: 8 says that text shows a kind of unity or texture which gives the capability to the text which is noticed socially as something intact.
Text is bound and tied up and as a means produced. The function is bringing together the separated parts. Text has the meaningful unit, and it is the authority of the source
of meaning maker included the source of “material” which has a quality, such as voice quality for an oral text or draft of a written text. The identification of text can
be accomplished through the togetherness of text substance which is associated by the social agents in various situations.
Kress in Sinar 2003: 23 says that “Discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the Linguistic domain. The relation between the two is one of
realization: Discourse finds its expression in text. However, this is never a straight
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forward relation; any on text may be the expression or realization of a number of sometimes competing and contradictory discourses”.
Sinar 2008: 8 says that text is just like a live thing on language level and text is also as a semantic unit that is the source of meaning maker, it can realize the meaning
which is controlled by the discourse meaning. As a matter of fact, morpheme, word, phrase, and clause realize a wording which is controlled by the grammar and lexicon.
Phoneme realizes the sound phonology and realizes graphemea letter graphology. The analysis of text can be done in the level below text that is investigating some
aspects, such as: graphemephoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, clause that is vertically to the bottom that is analyzing the linguistic variables. Next, we can analyze the text
vertically to the top by investigating the context variables that is contexts of situation, culture, and ideology. The variable that still exists above the text interacts or influences
each other with the text. All the variables of contexts are found in the text, the variables of linguistics are also found in the text and globally all the potentials are analyzed
depending on the needs or aim which is intended by the researcher and how far the relevance or the involvement of variable in which will be searched.
From those definitions of discourse and text, I agree with the experts of the Systemic Linguistic Theory like Kress, Halliday, and Stillar as emphasized in Sinar
2008: 8 who mentioned that discourse is a social domain and text belongs to linguistic domain. The discourse and text, of course, have separated domains;
nevertheless the relation between text and discourse is a realization. In addition, discourse moves actively and can do something in the real context which determines
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the social life. The discourse is closely related to the contexts of situation, culture, and ideology.
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory
Kategori