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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In the second chapter, the writer would like to talk about teaching English as a foreign language especially for Junior High School students, general concept of
writing, definition of writing, technique of teaching writing, definition of text, media for teaching writing procedure text, procedure text and teaching writing by
using audio-visual aid of processes.
2.1 Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Teaching English as a foreign language is teaching English to students whose first language is not English. English as the international language is regarded as the
first foreign language in Indonesia which is taught as a compulsory subject in schools from Junior High School up to Senior High School and in Elementary
School as a “local content”. One of the goals of English teaching at Junior High School is to develop
students‟ communicative competence both spoken and written forms listening, speaking, reading and writing to reach functional literacy level. The students are
hoped to be able to speak English fluently and write it well. What is needed is how to make the Junior High School students interest in English. Therefore, it is
obvious that the teacher has to understand the characteristics of Junior High School students in order to reach that goal.
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Junior High School students have special characteristics because they are different with children and adult. A teacher has to understand about it, so the
teacher could make the special and different atmosphere for them. One of the characteristics is that they like to be individual because Junior
High School students have a period of changing from children to adult. The students are teenagers in the age of 11 to 14 years old that are categorized into
adolescent. Harmer 2001: 38 categorizes the characteristics of adolescents‟ learner into five points as follows:
1 They seem to be less lively and humorous than adult.
2 Identity has to be forged among classmates and friends: peer approval may be
considerably more important for the students than attention of the teacher. 3
They would be much happier if such problem did not exist. 4
They may be disruptive in class. 5
They have great capacity to learn, have a great potential for creativity and a passionate commitment to things that interest them.
Therefore, they need something special to make them interested in their study. They will be ready for their studying if they have been interested in there. It
means that the teaching and learning process have to be creative so that the students will be enjoyable and also the goals of the lesson can be reached
effectively. They need something special in education that provides them opportunities to explore. Moreover, writing is the difficult skill in which the
students have to learn more how to do it through a media. One of the media is using the audio-visual aid of processes. Here the students will not get bored in
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writing because that media involves seeing and hearing, so it is easy to learn and it is appropriate with their characteristics.
2.2 General Concept of Writing
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