and Denhardt 2007, people have become citizens of the country where they are bearers of rights and obligations in the context of the wider society.
Paradigm accountability of public services must also change. Public bureaucracy no longer just refers to the hierarchical structure or just on the market. But the stressed point, accountability
of public services suggested by Denhardt and Denhardt 2007 do a reconceptualization of the role of public bureaucracy as a leader, to be a messenger of the public interest, not as
entrepreneurs. Kumorotomo 2008 mentions that the public service is accountable when their sizes indicate whether public bureaucracy or service activities carried out by the government are
in accordance with the norms and values held by the people and if the public services are able to accom
modate the needs of real people. Zadek and Radovich 2006 stated that “the accountability should, occur, three things such as obedience, and transparency, responsiveness
”.
II.4. The Conception of the New Public Service on Public Service Paradigm in Local Government
After the issuance of Law No. 32 of 2004, the government affairs actually are closer to public. Because local government is formed in order to create development, empowerment and
better services to the public. Law No. 32 of 2004 was also very clear in explaining what services are to be done by the local government, either at the provincial or districtcity.
However, of the various problems that we have described in the Introduction to this review seems to be a problem in creating an excellence and quality public services. This is a matter that
must be changed paradigm in the context of public service. The paradigm that has been there in the public bureaucracy is the paradigm of Old Public Administration, where the public bureaucracy
just as the Administration Man Denhardt and Denhardt: 2007. Public bureaucracy only works at the level of rules and procedures that are hierarchical. In the minds of the public bureaucracy over
the interests of the supervisor rather than the interests of public who should be served first. While public was just limited as a Clients that if they want to deal with the public bureaucracy, they are
serving the public bureaucracy if their affairs quickly resolved. This paradigm should be changed, if not then how any regulation of public services are created, but the paradigm of public
bureaucracy still holding on the old paradigm it will be a big problem for creating an excellent service to public. Denhardt and Denhardt create a concept of public service management with the
concept of New Public Service. This concept will be a new paradigm for public bureaucracy in running public services.
II.4.1 From Rowing to Serving
First lets look at aspects of the role of government. The role of government has only as rower
, where a rule, procedure, and also including the public interest are all implemented and managed by the government. So people do not have a role. This will create a public bureaucracy
that just oriented to rules and procedures that have been created by his superiors. Its also a hierarchy. Then the public bureaucracy does not understand what people want, So that the public
bureaucracy becomes unresponsive. In the implementation of services in the region where local government relations are an extension of the central government should be able to get closer to
public, especially in the public service, in which the public service has become one of the authority given to the local government, it means that the governments role is no longer only a rower with
all the rules and procedures are very strict. With the paradigm of New Public Service the governments role to serve, where the government must open the way for people to get involved,
in accordance said by Denhardt and Denhardt 2007 that “the government must open a new avenue for more direct public involvement in the process of governance”.
In the implementation of local public services means that public services should be more accessible and satisfaction felt by the public. In this aspect, if the paradigm of service is used in
the public bureaucracy, public bureaucracy to be a more responsive because of the responsiveness of the public bureaucracy to the hopes and aspirations and demands of public will be improved.
Public was given space to provide an assessment of the services provided, so that the public bureaucracy can determine the extent of quality of service that has been given and must be able to
accept criticism and improve the quality of service perceived lack. So that public bureaucracy would dare to innovate in order to create the best public services and are able to compete with
other regions in the public service. In addition, responsibility of public bureaucracy will improve. With the paradigm of serving, the public service in the region will be in line with expectations
and values that develop in society in the region. Public bureaucracy will not just obey the procedures and rules that were created, but the procedures and rules had to be a way of how willing
people can be accommodated so that the public service oriented public satisfaction. II.4.2 From Client to Citizens
The second aspect that we see in this review is the aspect of to whom the public bureaucracy to respond
. With the concept of New Public Service, public bureaucracy running public service functions will respond to public as a Citizen and their rights in the governance
process, if the public bureaucracy implements this paradigm in the public service. So public who became the primary goal in running the service, various problems in the field showed that the first
orientation of the public bureaucracy is the technical and operational orders. Thats because the public
bureaucracy responds to the public as “Client”. So the public is not the purpose of the service. Public as a subject in the service, services object is the satisfaction of leaders and not the
public satisfaction. This paradigm can we change with the conception of the New Public Service, where people
are “Citizens” who all aspects of services should be public-oriented. Rewansyah 2009, adding that if the government wants to change the paradigm of the Client to Citizens, the government
“necessary to apply the pattern of citizen-centered collaborative public management”. The intention is, the collaboration between the government and the public in the formulation of the
service, both procedures, the cost of the service, and the public should be given the space to provide input to the services provided. Instructions supervisor is not a major thing, but public satisfaction
is an indicator of the success of public service was held.
Furthermore services authority has been given to local government, the local government should be closer to the public in terms of public service, the right public with the local government
to be more open, so that all orientations in the public service is how satisfaction of public. With the satisfaction of public, then it implies the development and empowerment in the region would
be easier to do, because people feel full rights as Citizens and are involved in local government so that it will have more confidence to the local governments as the executor of government to
build the region. II.4.3 From Hierarchy to Multi-faceted Interest of Citizens
The third aspect is the accountability of public services. In the old paradigm of public bureaucracy, “accountability of public services is hierarchical” Denhardt and Denhardt: 2007, so
all the affairs of public administration must be in accordance with the interests of supervisor. It is not in the public interest. Pinchot Pribadi: 2008 calls it a hierarchical chain of command
subordinates and superiors can govern by means domi nating”. This led to a public bureaucracy
were oriented to the interests of supervisor and do not dare to innovate in public service. The New Public Service paradigm change accountability of public services to be multi-
faceted. One is the interest of citizens, if the paradigm is used in the public service in the region. The size of the service is run in accordance with the interests and norms that develop in society.
Zadek and Radovich 2006 stated that “the accountability should, occur, three things such as obedience, and transparency, responsiveness
”. Obedience is not just obedience to their superiors, but obedience with the norms and values that have developed in the society, norms and values that
developed it, into rules and an agreement in the public service, guidelines and instructions superiors only as a means of bridging the norms and values
developed with the state’s law. That is why local autonomy needs to be done because the norms and values that develop in society from
one region to another are different. With regional autonomy, local governments can organize local governance in accordance with the norms and values that develop in public in the region, included
in the affairs of public service.
Transparency where service policies, procedures, costs and service time should be clearly
known by the public, all of the public service must be known and accounted for its implementation to the public, and the last is responsiveness where the responsiveness of public bureaucracy to the
expectations, desires, aspirations and demands of the service user. So that the orientation of the public service is really focused on the public in line with expectations, desires, aspirations and
demands of the public, so that local government will be more responsive to run public services in accordance with the wishes of the people, so that the public service will run easily accountable to
the public.
If these three aspects such as role of government, to whom the public bureaucracy to respond, and accountability
according to the New Public Service concept are used as a paradigm of public bureaucracy especially in local government, will be easier to empowerment and
development and improve local public services. Because at its core, the society that should be the main focus in the regional government. Law No. 32 of 2004 has mandated that governance in the
region is to improve the welfare of the society, improving the quality of public services and competitiveness in the region. Then it is appropriate that the old paradigm that persists in the public
bureaucracy changed after the conception of the New Public Service that is more democratic and put the public interest above those of the group or personal interests.
III. CONCLUSION
