Moreover Gardner claims that people can develop their multiple intelligence, one, some of the intelligences or all of them. The intelligences is
changing. The multiple intelligences is something that can be developed or nurtured. “There are seven autonomous brain systems that work out together
in complex ways; no intelligence exists by itself,” said Gardner.
31
On the other hand, in educational field, Chrristison said that the theory of multiple
intelligence can help teachers to find out learning style and others ways to know about what have been taught in classroom activities.
32
c. Types of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner identified there are nine intelligences, there are: 1 Verbal-linguistic Intelligence is an ability to perceive or generate
spoken and written language. 2 Musical Intelligence is sensitivity to pitch, rhythm, and timbre; the
ability to create, communicate and understand meaning in sound; the ability to discern sound patterns.
3 Logical-mathematical Intelligence is an ability to use and appreciate of numerical, causal, abstract or logical relations.
4 Spatial Intelligence is an ability to perceive visual and spatial information, and to transform or modify this information and re-create
visual images. 5 Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence is an ability to control of all or parts of
one’s body and to solve problems or create products. 6 Intrapersonal Intelligence is a capacity to form a mental model of one-
self and use the model to make informed decisions about possible actions
31
Heather M. Prescott, Helping Students Say How They Know What They Know, The Clearing House
, Vol. 74 6, 2001, p.328.
32
Akram Hashemi, The Relationship Between Multiple Intelligence and Reading Comprehension, Archive of SID, Vol. 2 6, p.103.
7 Interpersonal Intelligence is a capacity to recognize, distinguish between andor influence in desired ways others’ feelings, belifes, and
intentions. 8 Naturalist Intelligence is an ability to understand and work effectively
in the natural word.
33
9 Existential Intelligence it is involves an individual’s ability to use
collective values and intuition to understand others and the world around them.
34
d. The Verbal Linguistic Intelligence
In fact that verbal – linguistic intelligence has been identified many
years before the appearance of others intelligences. Verbal – linguistic
intelligence and logical – mathematical intelligence was used as measurement
of IQ. Both intelligences have become standardized test in some academic such as National Assessment of Educational Program NAEP, Iowa Test of
Basic Skill ITBS, etc.,
35
In addition, more than century ago, Alfred Binet made an IQ test to measure elementary children in France. Later on, the U. S Armed Forces
began using the test in World War I. Basically, the Binet Test only measured two intelligences: verbal
– linguistic intelligence and logic – mathematical intelligence
36
. So, it can be concluded that those intelligences were used as the main focuses of the intelligences from years ago.
So, what is Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence? Verbal – Linguistic
Intelligence is an ability to use words in spoken or written language effectively. This intelligence involves the ability to manage the language
form, the phonology or sounds of language, the semantics or meanings of
33
Kerri – Lee Krause. Et al., op. cit., p. 295.
34
Melissa Kelly,
Profile of
Existential Intelligence,
2016, p.1,
http:712educators.about.comodmultipleintpexistential-Intelligence.htm
35
Fred C. Lunenburg and Melody R. Lunenburg, Applying Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom: A Fresh Look at Teaching Writing, International Journal of Scholarly Academic
Intellectual Diversity , Vol. 16 1, 2014, p.1.
36
Ibid .
language, and the pragmatic dimensions or practical uses of language. Some of these uses include rhetoric using language to convince others to take a
specific course of action, mnemonics using language to remember information, explanation using language to inform, and metalanguage
using language to talk about itself.
37
The Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence is the intelligence of language and
communication. Language ability that involves speaking, articulating, expressing, and delivering one’s thoughts and feelings to others with one or
more languages. The intelligence can be at spoken or written language.
38
Gardner, Chapman, and Freeman state that people who have good ability in Verbal
– Linguistic Intelligence usually good at memorizing vocabularies which lead deliver them to read books and to be engaged in the books and
have good appearance in English classes.
39
The Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence involves high sensitivity to words
and language function. People with high Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence love
reading, writing, and good at expressing themselves. According to the intelligence, it involves the ability to recognize language use, good at
remember things, enjoy joking, likes to explain or teach, know how to persuade people, understands about language rules.
40
So, it can be concluded that people who have good verbal
– linguistic intelligence have good ability to know about language whether in oral or written language.
e. The Characteristics of Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence
There are some characteristics of Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence
41
: 1 Love to read, write, talk, and listen
2 Often speak what they have read
37
Armstrong, op. cit., p.6.
38
International Montessori Schools and Child Development Centre World School: Brussels- Belgium, p.3.
39
KarimHajhashemi, KouroshAkef, Neil Anderson, The Relationship between Multiple Intelligences and Reading Proficiency of Iranian EFL Students, World Applied Science Journal,
2012, 19 10, p.1476.
40
Prescott, op.cit., p.329.
41
International Montessori, op.cit., p.3.
