Speaking Task-based Language Teaching

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter the writer discusses two parts: theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description provides the theories that relevant to the study. Theoretical framework relates the relation of the theories and the study.

A. Theoretical Description

In the theoretical description, there are four points to be discussed. They are instructional design model, teaching speaking, school based curriculum and task based language teaching.

1. Dick and Carey

’s Instructional Design Model Instructional materials refer to any material containing information which will be used by teachers and students to achieve the learning objectives Dick Carey, 1978, p. 127. In designing the instructional material, Dick and Carey instructional design model is chosen because the model addresses instruction as an entire system, focusing on the inter correlation between context, content, learning and instruction. Ten components of the Dick and Carey system approach model Dick Carey, 2009, p. 6-7 are as follows. a. Identify Instructional Goals The first step is to determine what new information and skills that the designer wants students to be able to do when they have completed the 8 instruction. The goals can be adapted from the curriculum and from the practical experiences. b. Conduct Instructional Analysis It is to determine what type of learning is required by the students to be successful in the new instruction. c. Analyze Learners and Context Learners’ current skills, preferences and attitude are determined along with the characteristics of the instructional setting and the setting in which the skills will eventually be used. d. Write Performance Objective In this step, the designer writes specific statements of what learners will be able to do when they complete the instruction. e. Develop Assessment Instruments Based on the objectives, the designer develops assessments that are parallel to and measure the learners’ ability to perform what is described in the objectives. f. Develop Instructional Strategy The strategy used in the instruction to achieve the goal is identified in this step. The strategy will emphasize components to foster students learning including such pre instructional activities as stimulating motivation and focusing attention, presentation of new content, active learner participation and assessment, and follow through activities that relate the newly learned skills to real-world application.