Relevant Studies LITERATURE REVIEW

22

B. Relevant Studies

To give support towards the literature review, there are some researchers who had concluded their researches. Two of them presented here are Developing Students’ Ability In Listening And Speaking English Using The Communicative Approach Of Teaching by Supharatypthin, 2014 and The Implementation of Communicative and Task-Based Language Teaching in the Asia-Pacific Region by Butler, 2011. Supharatypthin conducted the research in Thailand where English is also a foreign language like in Indonesia. English and Thai have differences in spoken form so that Thai students have difficulties in listening and speaking. Communicative Language Teaching is seen as the solution to help students learn spoken English. CLT focuses more on trying to involve students into class activities rather than being in a class following the lectures. CLT is believed to focus more on communicative competence rather than structures. Asia’s coverage in Butler’s research means some East and Southeast Asian countries like Japan, China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. For example, Singapore has been implementing CLT since 1991 for its English Syllabus. CLT and Task-Based Teaching Learning have been implemented widely including in some Asian countries, but there are some obstacles proposed in this research. They are conceptual constraints, classroom-level constraints, and societal-institutional level constraints. CLT is seen as the solution to those obstacles in teaching English by implementing it to the local environment through local practice. Moreover in Asian belief of teaching, teacher is placed as the processor and messenger of knowledge, and the students are the recipients of it. That is actually not the same way as how CLT demands where the teacher is positioned as the facilitator. CLT is emphasized as the appropriate key in English teaching to form communicativeness in learning English. CLT puts the teacher as the facilitator and gives learners opportunities to practice their communicative 23 performance. It highlights communicative practice in speaking rather than just structure. Then CLT is believed as the appropriate key to have speaking skills communicatively.

C. Conceptual Framework