The Central Tendency is presented in table 3.2.
Table 3.2. The Central Tendency
No. Opinions
Central Tendency N
Mean Mode
Notes: N = Number of participants The mean is obtained by using the following formula:
= The sum of
=
Raw score
=
N N = The number of the cases
=
Mean
2. The Qualitative Data
Qualitative data was gathered from the respondents’ opinions and suggestions. Since the data could not be measured, it was presented in the
form of list of suggestions.
G. Research Procedures
In this study, the writer did several steps which were started from the preparation and ended by revising the designed materials. The description of
the steps can be seen as follows:
1. Preparation
In this step, after determining the topic, the goals, and the general purposes, the writer gathered literature review from books and articles which
41
were used as the principles to design the materials. Then, the writer prepared the questionnaires to conduct the needs survey.
2. Conducting the Needs Survey
The writer distributed the questionnaires that had been prepared before to the respondents. She asked the respondents to fill the questionnaires and
then collected those questionnaires to gain the data needed. She also conducted the interviews with the respondents to gain further information that
could not be gained through questionnaires.
3. Analyzing the Data from the Needs Survey
After collecting the results from the questionnaires and interviews, the writer analyzed the data and used it as the reference to design the materials.
4. Designing Instructional Materials
The writer designed the materials based on the data gained from the needs survey. She adopted Kemp’s Instructional Design Model as the
guidance. After conducting the needs survey, she listed the important characteristics of the learners; stated goals, topics, and general purposes;
specified the learning objectives; selected subject contents; selecting teachinglearning activities and resources; coordinating support services; and
conducting evaluation. 42
