In which one of the following database recovery techniques is an exact, up-to-date copy of the

These intangible assets are collectively referred to as intellectual property, and a whole host of laws exist to protect the rights of their owners. After all, it simply wouldn’t be fair if a music store only bought one copy of each artist’s CD and burned copies for all of their customers— that would deprive the artist of the benefits of their labor. In the following sections, we’ll explore the laws surrounding the four major types of intellectual property—copyrights, trade- marks, patents, and trade secrets. We’ll also discuss how these concepts specifically concern information security professionals. Many countries protect or fail to protect these rights in dif- ferent ways, but the basic concepts ring true throughout the world. Some countries are notorious for violating intellectual property rights. The most notable example is China. China is world-renowned for its blatant disre- gard of copyright and patent law. If you’re planning to do business in this region of the world, you should definitely consult with an attorney who spe- cializes in this area. Copyrights Copyright law guarantees the creators of “original works of authorship” protection against the unauthorized duplication of their work. There are eight broad categories of works that qualify for copyright protection: Literary works Musical works Dramatic works Pantomimes and choreographic works Pictorial, graphical, and sculptural works Motion pictures and other audiovisual works Sound recordings Architectural works There is precedent for copyrighting computer software—it’s done under the scope of literary works. However, it’s important to note that copyright law only protects the expression inherent in computer software—that is, the actual source code. It does not protect the ideas or process behind the software. There has also been some question over whether copyrights can be extended to cover the “look and feel” of a software package’s graphical user interface. Court decisions have gone in both directions on this matter; if you will be involved in this type of issue, you should consult a qualified intellectual property attorney to determine the current state of legislation and case law. There is a formal procedure to obtain a copyright that involves sending copies of the protected work along with an appropriate registration fee to the Library of Congress. For more information on this process, visit the Library’s website at www.loc.govcopyright. However, it is impor- tant to note that officially registering a copyright is not a prerequisite for copyright enforcement.