An analysis of cohesion on editor's note in U.S. news and world report magazine

By:

ANNA KHOIRUNNISA NIM. 107026001247

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

AN ANALYSIS OF COHESION ON EDITOR’S NOTE IN U.S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT MAGAZINE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of Strata One

By:

ANNA KHOIRUNNISA NIM. 107026001247

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

i

Anna Khoirunnisa, An Analysis of Cohesion on Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine. Thesis: Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, 2011.

In this research, the writer discusses the using of cohesion devices on Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine. The data are collected from Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine from three editions, they are May 2010, June 2010, and August 2010 edition. This study is aimed at finding out the kinds of cohesion devices that appear on Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine and degree of cohesiveness in it.

The writer uses a qualitative method in this research. The writer explains some theories of cohesion, and then the writer collects the data of cohesion from three texts of Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine. Based on M.A.K Halliday and Raquiya Hassan’s theory, the kinds of cohesion device that appear on the text are analyzed one by one to know the cohesiveness degree in it. To focus on the study, the writer limits the problem by focusing the research on searching the cohesiveness degree by analyzing cohesion on three texts of editor’s note in U.S. News and World Report magazine.

The result of this research shows the differences in using grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices and degree of cohesiveness in each text. Text one is the fewer cohesive than text three and text three is fewer cohesive than text two. Generally, text one is the fewest cohesive of all the text and text two is the most cohesive of all the text.

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APPROVEMENT

AN ANALYSIS OF COHESION ON EDITOR’S NOTE IN U.S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT MAGAZINE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

ANNA KHOIRUNNISA NIM. 107026001247

Approved by:

Drs. SAEFUDDIN, M. Pd. NIP: 196407101993031006

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

iii Name : Anna Khoirunnisa

NIM : 107026001247

Title : An Analysis of Cohesion on Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine.

The thesis entitled “An Analysis of Cohesion on Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine” has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on July 6, 2011. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Strata One.

Jakarta, July 6, 2011.

The Examination Committee

Signature Date 1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chair person) ___________ ________

NIP:196407 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani M.Hum (Secretary) ___________ ________ NIP:19781003 200112 2 002

3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Advisor) ___________ ________ NIP:196407 199303 1 006

4. Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed (Examiner I) ___________ ________ NIP:150 181 922

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, May 2011

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In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

All praises due to Allah SWT, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the universe, who has bestowed upon the writer completing this paper. Peace and salutation be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, who has saved the believers from destruction into safety and has guided them to the right way of Islam.

This paper presented to the English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, as a partial of requirements for the Degree of Strata one.

The writer would like to express her deeply thanks to Drs. Saefuddin, M.Pd. as her advisor who has given suggestions, corrections, supports, and also criticism until the writer can finish this thesis, because without his guidance, patience, support and encouragement, this thesis is never completed.

In this opportunity, the writer also would like to convey her deepest gratitude to the following amazing people:

1. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag., the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department and Mrs. Elve Octaviany, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department.

3. All of the lectures in English Letters Department who have taught her a lot of things and educated her during her study. Especially to Mr. Zahril

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Anasy who has given his time, guidance, kindness, and contribution in helping her to finish her thesis.

4. All the librarians of Letters and Humanities Faculty, main library of UIN Jakarta especially American Corner’s staff, and PKBB Unika Atmajaya. 5. The writer also wants to say thank you very much to her beloved parents:

Ma’shoem Eny (Alm) and Surati who always pray for her, and give much loves, especially her lovely mother, thank you so much for her love, affection, support, and advice during the time of study and the process of making the paper. “thanks Mom, I’m very glad to be your daughter”. 6. The writer’s brothers, Mas Ferry and Mas Aan who always give all of her

necessities and has financed her study in the university. Their sacrifices will never be equally paid. Her beloved sister in law, Mba Edeh who always accompanies her in sad or happy and gives support in writer’s life, and her cute nieces, Lisa and Rayna for funniest thing they brought.

7. The writer’s endless love, Muhammad Nida’ Fadlan, S.S. who always gives support, care, and much loves to her. He is every breath that she takes and every step that she makes. “thank you for everything Aa”

8. The writer’s friends; Ipes, Aisyah, Nopi, Elis, Yasir, Singgih, Bryan, Nina, Tika, Memes, Nisfu, Ugi, Ka Oci and KKN 100 for laughs and pray sincerely in every part of the writer’s life.

9. The writer’s fellows at English Letters Department especially Linguistics class who cannot be mentioned one by one.

10.All the staff and friends in International College and English World Institute who have given many experiences, knowledge, and support to her.

Jakarta, May 26th 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ………....… i

APPROVEMENT ………... ii

LEGALIZATION ………... iii

DECLARATION ………... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. viii

LIST OF TABLES ……… x

LIST OF APPENDICES ……….. xi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...……….. 1

A. Background of the Research ...…..………. 1

B. Focus of the Study …...…..………... 4

C. Research Questions ...…..………...………... 4

D. Significance of the Study …….…..………...……. 4

E. Research Methodology ...…..…………..………….. 4

1. Objective of the Study ……….. 4

2. Method of the Study ...…..………...…………. 5

3. Data Analysis ...…..………...………... 5

4. Unit of Analysis ...………...………... 5

5. Instrument of the Research ...…..………...….. 6

F. Time and Place of the Research ...…..………...… 6

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...…..……….. 7

A. Text ……… 7

B. Cohesion ……… 8

C. Grammatical Cohesion ………... 9

2. Ellipsis ……….. 10

3. Reference ………. 11

4. Conjuction ……… 14

D. Lexical Cohesion ……… 15

1. Reiteration ……… 16

2. Collocation ………... 23

E. Lexical Cohesiveness Degree ……… 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ...…..………. 25

A. Data Description ...…..……… 25

B. Data Analysis ...…..………. 28

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...…..……… 60

A. Conclusion ...…..……….. 60

B. Suggestion ...…..……… 61

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….. 63

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LIST OF TABLES

1. Grammatical Cohesion that Appear in the First Text ….………...……… 25

2. Lexical Cohesion that Appear in the First Text ………...……….………. 26

3. Grammatical Cohesion that Appear in the Second Text ………...……… 26

4. Lexical Cohesion that Appear in the Second Text ………...………. 27

5. Grammatical Cohesion that Appear in the Third Text ..………...……… 27

6. Lexical Cohesion that Appear in the Third Text ………..……. 27

7. Summary of Data of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion that Appear in Three Texts. ……… 28

8. Degree of Cohesiveness in Text One …………... 54

9. Degree of Cohesiveness in Text Two ...……… 55

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1. Navigating the World of Work ………...……… 64 2. Your Money and Your Government ………...………... 65 3. Not Just by the Numbers ………...……… 66

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Human always communicates to others in their daily activities. Communication is used by them in their speech community to interact with others in communicative events. The event itself may involve spoken (oral) language or written language.1 These kinds of language are called text. Text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole.2 Spoken and written text can be used in many different communicative purposes, such as a sermon, a casual conversation, a shopping transaction, a poem, a newspaper advertisement, a wall poster, a shopping list, a novel, etc.

Besides those communicative purposes above, there is a kind of written text that has not been mentioned before. It is magazine. Magazine has many types, such as weekly and monthly magazine. One of the monthly magazines is U.S. News and World Report Magazine. U.S. News and World Report Magazine is monthly magazine that is published in America. It contains photographs, pictures and impressive articles about education, health, politics, and business in America.

1

David Nunan, IntroducingDiscourseAnalysis ( London: Penguin, 1993), p. 6. 2

Based on the content category, magazine (like U.S. News and World Report Magazine) can be divided into three groups. They are news, opinions, and advertisements. News group covers direct news, picture news, and investigation news. Opinion group covers articles, editorial, and editor’s note.

Editor’s note is almost the same as editorial. The difference between them is in the writer. Editorial is usually written by an editor or editorial staffs, it can be editor’s opinions or editorial staffs’ opinions. It is different than editor’s note which is always written by editor, so it is just editor’s opinions.

Both of them are like written texts but are very different from spoken text. In written text, as editor’s notes, we need to understand the grammar and vocabulary used in constructing the sentences which make up each text. The sentences that make up the text not only have to be grammatically correct but also have to make sense because grammatically correct sentences alone will not ensure that the text itself makes sense. To make sense, it must have meaning. As Halliday said that a text is best regarded as a semantic unit: a unit not of form but of meaning.3 In addition to the structure and meaning of individual sentences, we need to know how the sentences relate to one another. And to know it, we use cohesion.

Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing

3

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and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text.4 In order to be easier to understand it, look paragraph below that is taken from Editor’s note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine, August 2010 edition.

“Comarrow zeroed in on how it handles the baffling diseases known as cystic fibrosis and shows how rigorous the caregivers are about finding best practices while giving its young patients humane treatment. The photos by Charlie Archambault give you a frank understanding of the daily struggles of a child with a chronic disease that no set of statistics could ever convey.”5

In the above paragraph, the word baffling disease has the same meaning as

chronic disease. Both of them mean disease that cannot be healed, because it is in serious condition. Because baffling and chronic have same meaning, they are called near synonymy. The phrases baffling disease and chronic disease are specific vocabularies for health sector. By understanding the meaning of every word (using cohesion), readers are easier to understand a text. So, the writer takes some texts from Editor’s Note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine to be researched its cohesion because those texts discuss about many different sectors, such as health, education, politic, and business which are assumed by the writer as difficult sectors to be understood by people who aren’t common in those sectors everyday.

The writer’s hypothesis is there are many kinds of cohesion devices on editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report Magazine in order to make those texts have cohesiveness and can be understood easily by the readers. This library research will prove the validity of writer’s hypothesis.

4

Ibid., p. 4. 5

Bryan Kelly, “Not Just by the Numbers”, U.S. News and World Report Magazine (August 2010),

B. Focus of the Study

Based on background of the study above, the writer limits the problem by focusing the research on searching the cohesiveness degree by analyzing cohesion on editor’s note in U.S. News and World Report magazine. The editor’s notes were selected purposively as much as three times editions, they are May 2010, June 2010, and August 2010 edition.

C. Research Questions

Based on the problem limitation above, the writer formulates the problem in two research questions, as follows:

1. What kinds of cohesion appear on the editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report magazine?

2. To what extent of cohesiveness degree done by editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report Magazine?

D. Significance of the Study

This study is expected to have some benefits for the readers. The writer hopes this research can give some contributions for linguistic field, especially in grammatical and lexical cohesion that often used by mass media. So, this research is useful for the next researcher who wants to make this thesis as one of his or her reference for their research.

E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Study

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a. To know the kinds of cohesion that often appear on editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report magazine.

b. To know how far is cohesiveness degree of editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report Magazine have.

2. Method of the Study

The writer will analyze and identify the kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion that appear on editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report magazine. The method which is used in this research is a qualitative method. In this method, the writer describes and analyzes the data from the selected references by using verbal explanation.

3. Technique of Analysis

The acquired data in this research will be analyzed through descriptive analysis technique based on the discourse analysis of M.A.K Halliday and Raquiya Hassan’s theory. First, the writer takes data from U.S. News and World Report Magazine. They are three editor’s notes from three editions. Then, the writer reads and analyzes the lexical cohesion in those texts by using M.A.K Halliday and Raquiya Hassan’s theory and other similar supported theory.

4. Unit of Analysis

The units of data analysis in the research are three editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report magazine. The writer selects the texts from May 2010, June 2010, and August 2010 edition. Here are the titles of the texts:

b. Text 2 Your Money and Your Government, Summer (June) 2010; and c. Text 3 Not Just by The Numbers, August 2010.

5. Instrument of the Research

The instrument of the research is the writer herself as the subject of the study by collecting, reading and analyzing the acquired datas. Those data are collected from the editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report magazine.

F. Time and Place of the Research

This research was started in November 2010 until May 2011 in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta’s library and the other libraries in Jakarta that provide books, give information, and other references about material which the writer needs.

7 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Text

The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. A text may be spoken or writen, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-discussion on a committee.1 Halliday and Hassan’s opinion above can be concluded that something can be called a text if it is used for communication. This case makes differentiation between text and a disconnected sequence sentences. A disconnected sequence sentences are just unrelated sentences. Although their grammar are good, they are very difficult to be understood, because their meaning are unrelated each other. While, a text is usually sentences which are related grammatically and semantically. In other words, grammar and meaning of the text are in good relation, so, the reader or listener will be easier to understand what the writer or speaker means. The elements of the text which are related grammatically and semantically is called cohesion.

Text is a way to convey information from the speakers to the listeners or the writers to the readers. Sometimes, it will be very difficult to catch the information that is meant by the speaker or the writer if the listener or the reader

1

attempts to get it by translating the words one by one. Even, they don’t really understand some vocabularies of the language that is used (e.g. English). To avoid this situation, the text must have cohesion.

B. Cohesion

Cohesion is an important element in a discourse or written text. Cohesion is connection between an element with another element in a text so that it has good comprehension. To make this comprehension in a text, the elements can be connected by their grammar or structure and their lexicon or vocabulary. If it is connected by their grammar, it means that it is used grammatical cohesion, and if it is connected by their vocabulary, it means that it is used lexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion makes the listeners or the readers understand what the speakers or the writers mean, because lexical cohesion gives specific meaning through the vocabulary. A discourse or written text must be arranged compactly and cohesively, so it needs cohesion, because cohesion is a grammatical (syntactic) and lexical (semantic) relationship between sentences in a discourse. If someone has good capability and ability in cohesion, he or she can produce a good discourse. A good discourse can be seen from the continuity of its information or the meaning unity of it. Because of the meaning unity is made by cohesion, cohesion is called a semantic relation. Halliday and Hassan said in their book

Cohesion in English that:

“Like other semantic relation, cohesion is expressed through the strata organization of language. Language can be explained as a multiple coding system comprising three levels of coding or “strata”: the semantic (meanings), the lexicogrammatical (forms) and the phonological and orthographic (expressions).

9

Lexicogrammatical is the choice of words and grammatical structures. Within the stratum there is no hard-and-fast division between vocabulary and grammar; the guiding principle in language is that the more general meanings are expressed through the grammar, and the more specific meaning through the vocabulary. Cohesive relations fit into the same overall pattern. Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary. We can refer therefore to grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.”2

Halliday and Hassan’s statements above conclude that cohesion is divided into two main parts: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hassan also make some kinds of grammatical cohesion. They are substitution, ellipsis, reference, and conjunction. While, lexical cohesion contains reiteration and collocation.

C. Grammatical Cohesion 1. Substitution

Substitution is the replacement of a word group sentence segment by a dummy word. The reader or listener can fill in the correct element based on the preceding. There are three types of substitution, that of a noun, a verb, and a clause.

a. Noun Substitution

Noun substitution is the replacement of a noun in a sentence by an appropriate dummy word. The noun substitution is usually marked by the use of “ones and same”.

Example:

2

1) These biscuits are stale. Get the fresh ones.3

2) I like that green t-shirt. Please take me the same thing.

b. Verbal Substitution

Verbal substitution is the replacement of a verb of a sentences by an appropriate dummy word. The verb substitution is commonly signaled by the verb “do”.4

Example:

1) I do really like those glittering fruits. 2) I didn’t understand about her life concept.

c. Clausal Substitution

Clausal substitution is the replacement of a clause of a sentence by an appropriate dummy word. The clause substitution is commonly marked by the clause “so and not”.

Example:

1) - John will not come to Juliette’s party tomorrow as he said that he didn’t really have a good stamina.

- It seems so.

2) - I think you are a good boy. - I am not.

2. Ellipsis

It is the omission of a word or a part of a sentence is closely related to substitution. Ellipsis can be described as “substitution by zero”. In the case of

3

Jan Renkema. A Discourse Study: An Introductory Textbook. (Philadelphia:John Benyamins

Publishing Company, 1993), p.32. 4

11

ellipsis, the division is normally used is the same as that applied to substitution; nominal (1), verbal (2), and clausal ellipsis (3).5

Example:

1) These monkeys are naughty. Those are calm. 2) He joined the contest, but you didn’t.

3) Who will hang out with me tonight? You? 3. Reference

In general, the dummy word is reference. Substitution and ellipsis deal with the relationship between grammatical unit: words, sentence parts, and clauses. In the case of reference, the meaning of a dummy word can be determined by what is imparted before or after the occurrence of the dummy word. In general, the dummy word is a pronoun. There are three kinds of reference. They are personal, demonstrative, and comparative.6

a. Personal Reference

It is used to express the category of personals includes theferebc three classes of personal pronouns, possessive determiners (ususally called “possessive adjective), and possessive pronouns. Here are a number of personal references by using the term “person”.

Person Head Modifier

Personal pronun

Possessive determiner

Possessive pronoun

5

Jan Renkema (1993), Op.Cit. p. 37. 6

1st person singular I Me My Mine

1st person plural We Us Our Ours

2nd person singular You You Your Yours 2nd person plural You You Your Yours

2nd person male He Him His His

2nd person female She Her Her Hers 3rd person plural They Them Their Theirs

3rd person object It It Its Its

Generalized person One One One’s Ones For examples:

1) Angella has met someone’s bag in the street. She is now trying to return it to the owner.

2) Angella’s new achievement as the best model of the year has raised her popularity. Her boyfriend must be so proud of her.

3) Those clothes are Angella’s. My son told me that those are hers.

b. Demonstrative Reference

Demonstrative reference is used to express the location of a process in space or time by using here, there, now, and then. Furthermore, to express the location of something, this, these, that, those, and then are used.7

Example:

1) I am trying hard to get a branch manager position in my company. 2) That is being tried by some employees now.

7

13

The use of demonstrative reference that above refers to branch manager position, meanwhile another demonstrative reference now refers to the time of the discourse.

c. Comparative Reference

It is used to express the similarity, identity, and differences of a text.8 Types of comparative reference:

1) Genetic (deictic) refers to identity, similarity, and difference. It also has non-identity, non-similarity.

i. Identity: same, equal, identical, and identically. ii. Similarity: such similar, so similarly, and likewise. iii. Difference: other, different else, differently, otherwise. 2) Particular: enumerative and epithet.

i. Enumerative: it is used to refer to the quantity or quality of the reference. E.g.: more, fewer, less, further, additional, so-as-equally, quantifier.

ii. Epithet: to express by means of adjectives and adverb in some comparative form. Form: less-equally + comparative adjectives and adverbs.

Examples:

- I need more clothes for the tsunami victims. (enumerative) - His general knowledge is better than mine. (epithet)

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4. Conjuction

Conjunction is a relationship which indicates how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following (parts of the sentences). This is usually achieved by the use of conjunctions. The following are the examples of three frequently occuring relationship; addition, causality, temporality, and adversative. 9 The relationship can be hypotactic (as in the “a” examples which combine a main clause with a subordinate clause or phrase) or paratactic (as in the “b” examples which have two main clause.

a. Addition

Addition acts to structurally, coordinate or link by adding to the presupposed item and is signaled through “and, also, too, furthemore, additionally, etc”. It may also act to negate the prersupposed item and signaled by “nor, and….not, either, neither”.

For instances:

1) Besides being mean, he is also hateful.

2) He no longer goes to school and is planning to look for a job.

b. Causality

Causality expresses “result, reason, and purposes” and is signaled by “so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, for this reason, as a result, in the respect, however, etc.”. For example:

1) He is not going to school today because he is sick.

9

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2) Mary got married to John last yearand now she’s pregnant.

c. Temporality

Temporality links the things by signaling sequence or time. Halliday and Hassan mention that the item of temporal conjunctions are only

then and and then but also next, after that, next day, until then, at the same time, at this point, etc.” 10 For example:

1) After the car had been repaired, we were able to continueour journey.

2) The car was repaired. Aftrewards we were able to continue our journey.

d. Adversative

Adversative acts to indicate “contrary to expectation” are signaled by “yet, though, only, but, in fact, rather, etc.”. 11 Another term of adversative conjuction is disjunction “which links things of which only one can be true in the textual world.” For instance:

1) All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total came out wrong.

D. Lexical Cohesion

Lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by selection of vocabulary.12 Those vocabularies are arranged semantically and create continuity of meaning. This continuity makes the sentences in the text hang together. Lexical

10

Halliday and Hassan (1976), Op.Cit., p. 261. 11

Ibid. p. 250. 12

cohesion embraces two different aspects, which are related each other. They are reiteration and collocation.

1. Reiteration

This is the repetition of a lexical item, or the occurrence of a synonym of some kind, in the context of reference; that is, where the two occurrences have the same referent.13 It can be concluded from Guy Cook’s statement above that reiteration can appear in three forms. First, it appears in the repetition of a lexical item. Second, it can be seen in the occurrence of a synonym, and the last it can be found in two occurrences that have same referent. Halliday and Hassan have different opinions, they said that:

“When we talk about reiteration, therefore, we are including not only the repetition of the same lexical item but also the occurrence of a related item, which may be anything froudym synonym or near synonym of the original to a general word dominating the entire class. Let us categorize these as above: any instance of reiteration may be (a) same word, (b) a synonym or near-synonym, (c) a superordinate or (d) a general word.” 14

The writer gets some important points from Halliday and Hassan’s explanation above that reiteration can be categorized into four forms. They are same word, a synonym or near-synonym, a superordinate, and a general word. This theory will be writer’s principal theory to analyze writer’s data in this research.

a. Repetition or Same Word

Repetition is the simplest form of lexical cohesion. In repetition, the same reference is repeated over and over again throughout the whole

13

Guy Cook, Discourse (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989), p. 19. 14

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discourse makes the discourse coherent and, therefore, contributes to the cohesion. Look at the example:

John comes to the farewell party in this school. This farewell party is held at 07.00 p.m until 12 p.m.

The word farewell party is repeated in that sentence above. Repetition is a way to maintain cohesion between sentences in a discourse. That relationship is formed by repetition of a part of sentence element. Repetition is used to maintain the idea or topic that is discussed, but, too many repetitions in a text can make reader feel bored.

b. Synonym or Near-synonym

Synonymy is generally perceived as the ‘sameness of meaning’.15 Synonymy are two or more word forms with very closely related meaning. It should be noted that idea of meaning is not necessarily total sameness. Synonyms can be any part of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions), as long as both members of the pair are the same part of speech. More examples of English synonyms are:

1. student and pupil (noun) 2. buy and purchase (verb) 3. sick and ill (adjective)

4. quickly and speedily (adverb) 5. on and upon (preposition)

15

There are dictionaries of synonyms that contain many hundreds of entries, such as16:

apathetic/ phlegmatic/ passive/ sluggish/ indifferent pedigree/ anchestry/ genealogy/ descent/ lineage

The words apathetic, phlegmatic, passive, sluggish, indifferent

mean “not interested in something”. While the words pedigree, anchestry, genealogy, descent, lineage mean “line of person in a family who lived a long time ago or family history”.

Cruse speaks about ‘a scale of synonymity’ in his book Lexical Semantics,which is pointed to by two semantic intuitions:

“the first is that certain pairs or groups of lexical items bear a special sort of semantic resemblance to one another. For example, in Dictionary of English Synonyms gives kill as a synonym of murder (but, interestingly, not vice versa). The second intuition is that some pairs of synonyms are ‘more synonymous’ than other pairs, e. g. settee and sofa are more synonymous than boundary and frontier.” 17

The writer agrees with Cruse’s opinion that there is a broader conception of the characteristics of intuitions of synonym. The first intuition tells that two or more words may have similar meaning which are often closely related but not always intersubstitutable in sentences. Like the word kill and murder. Kill can be substituted by murder, but an

accidental killing can not be substituted by murder. The second intuition explains that synonym has a degree. For example, the word boundaries

16

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams, An Introduction to Language (Massachusetts:

Thomson Corporation Heinle, 2003), Seventh Edition, p. 181. 17

19

and frontier. According to Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary,

boundaries mean “line that marks a limit”18, while frontier means “the border between two countries”19. So, boundaries is more general than

frontier. The other instance, settee that means “sofa”, and sofa means “long comfortable seat”. It can be found that settee and sofa is more synonymous than boundaries and frontier.

Palmer is even more straightforward: he maintains that “there are no total synonyms, that no two words have exactly the same meaning”20 Modestly, there are no synonyms which have exactly the sameness meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology, orthography, phonic qualities, ambiguous meanings, usage, etc. make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for a reason: long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others. For example, a long arm is not the same as an extended arm.

Synonymy also can be distinguished by special contexts in which one member of a synonymy pair is used, but the other not. For examples,

pupil as the "aperture in the iris of the eye" is not synonymous with

student. Similarly, he expired means the same as he died, yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died. Although a pair of synonymy may be similar in terms of style, intensity, and dialect, they still

18

Oxford University, Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press.

2008), Fourth Edition, p. 46. 19

Ibid., p. 178. 20

are not necessarily intersubstitutable because they sometimes are different in terms of connotation.

c. Superordinate

Superordinate or hypernyms are words that refer to broad categories or general concepts. The word supposed to be more general and to include the meanings of the others is called superordinate; and the other, the more particular instances included within it is called its subordinate term or hyponymy. A superordinate can have many hyponyms. Hyponymy is the relationship between each lower term and the higher term (superordinate). For examples, the sense of animal is included in the sense of lion. Hyponymy is not restricted to objects, abstract concepts, or nouns. It can be identified in many other areas of the lexicon. Examples, the verb cook has many hyponyms; roast, boil, fry, grill, bake, etc. In a lexical field, hyponymy may exist at more than one level. A word may have both a hyponym and a superordinate term. For example, Word: Living ( as superordinate) has many hyponyms: bird, insects, animal, and word bird

from above can be hypernym, as follow: Hypernym : bird

Hyponyms : sparrow, hawk, crow, fowl.

Charles F. Meyer also gives his opinion about hyponyms. He thinks that “hyponymy is a relation in which the meaning of a word is

21

included in the meaning of a more general word”.21 In some cases, the hyponymy may become superordinate term, when they contain more specific terms22. Some examples in English are:

1. Superordinate : Walk

Hyponymys : March, Amble, Stroll, Tramp, Stride. 2. Superordinate : Animal

Hyponymys : Mammal, Reptile. 3. Superordinate : Mammal

Hyponymys : Rodent, Ruminant. 4. Superordinate : Rodent

Hyponymys : Mouse, Rat, Porcupine. 5. Superordinate : Living

Hyponymys : Creature, Plant. 6. Superordinate : Creature

Hyponymys : Animal, Insect.

For the writer, superordinate terms play an important role in cohesion by providing writers with a more explicit means than would be possible using only pronouns (it, they, this, these, those) for linking their ideas either back to earlier pieces of text, or forward to upcoming information. While for the reader, superordinate terms tell the reader what to expect when they occur before an idea. In this fuction, superordinate

21

Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2002), p. 174. 22

Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics, (Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Jakarta

terms serve as the class in definitions, and describe the items and examples presented in lists.

d. General Word

The last form of lexical cohesion that will cover here is the general word. It can be general nouns, as in ‘thing’, ‘stuff’, ‘place’, ‘person’, ‘woman’ and ‘man’, or general verbs, as in ‘do’ and ‘happen’. In a way, the general word is a higher level superordinate: it is the umbrella term that can cover almost everything. This case also has been discussed by Halliday and Hassan who make classes of general word in their book:

“The class of general noun is a small set of nouns having generalized reference within the major noun classes, those such as ‘human noun’, ‘place noun’, ‘fact noun’, and the like. Examples are:

people, person, man, woman, child, boy, girl [human]

creature [non-human animate]

thing, object [inanimate concrete count]

stuff [inanimate concrete mass]

business, affair, matter [inanimate abstract]

move [action]

place [place]

questions, idea [fact]”23

23

23

The occurrence of general word is used to refers back to a noun phrase, a verb, and refers back to a clause. They require recourse to another item that must be located earlier within the same text. No matter in English or the other language “general” item plays a significant role in making a text integrated as a whole.

2. Collocation

The term collocation will be used to refer to sequences of lexical items which habitually co-occur, but which are nonetheles fully transparent in the sense that each lexical constituent is also a semantic constituent.24 Fine weather, torrential rain, light drizzle, high winds are examples of collocations.

Gorys Keraf in his book, Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa, said that “kolokasi (collocation) adalah lingkungan leksikal dimana sebuah kata dapat muncul”.25 For example, the word “gelap” with “malam” is collocation. The word “gelap” with word “baik” or “jahat” are not collocation. Because of that, there is a construction “malam gelap”.

Most of people know which words tend to occur with other words. One way people seem to organize their language of words is simply on the basis of collocation, or frequently occuring together.26

24

D.A. Cruse, Lexical Semantics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1986), p. 40 25

Gorys Keraf, Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1990), p. 33. 26

George Yule, The Study of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp.

E. Cohesiveness Degree

The kinds of cohesion above (grammatical and lexical cohesion) also can be called cohesion devices. Cohesion devices take an important role to make cohesiveness in a text. Because of the occurrences of cohesion devices, cohesiveness in a text is different from the other text, so the cohesiveness degree in each text is also different. In the cohesiveness degree, there should be the relationship between grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion as Halliday and Hassan said: cohesion is the use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve connected text, either spoken or written. It is also mentioned in the previous discussion that cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary. It means, the degree of cohesiveness depends on the relationship tightness between the two devices, namely grammatical device and lexical device.

25 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer analyzes cohesion of three texts on editor’s note in U.S News and World Report Magazine. In the first text, the writer finds 2 items of substitution, 46 items of reference, 28 items of conjunction. It also has many reiteration forms. There are 3 items of repetition, 1 item of superordinate or hypernym, 2 items of general word, and 2 items of collocation. The first text doesn’t have any pairs of ellipsis and synonym. The second and third text don’t have any ellipsis form and have all of the kinds of lexical cohesion. The second text has substitution that appear twice, reference that appear 74 times, and conjunction that appear 25 times. It also has 6 repetition items, 1 pair of synonym, 1 superordinate, 2 general word items, and 1 collocation item. While the third has 3 items of repetition, 5 pairs of synonym, 2 items of general word, and 1 item of collocation. For the grammatical cohesion, the third text has 1 item of substitution, 46 items of reference, and 16 items of conjunction. For the complete data, it can be read in the table below:

Text 1: Navigating the World of Work Kind of Grammatical

Cohesion The Items

Ellipsis -

Reference

your, we, our, yourself, you, it, they, I, me, their, this, there, these, here, more, fewer, better, higher, shorter.

Conjunction and, but, next, or, also, despite, because

Table 1: Grammatical Cohesion That Appear in The First Text.

Kind of Lexical Cohesion The Items

Repetition good year, career, how. Synonym or near synonym -

Superordinate

top jobs → engineering, computer science, or

medical specialities. General word thing, people.

Collocation companies – workers, best-paying – career

Table 2: Lexical Cohesion That Appear in The First Text.

Text 2: Your Money and Your Government Kind of Grammatical

Cohesion

The Items

Substitution same, one.

Ellipsis -

Reference

We, your, it, I, their, you, our, us, me, my, that, here, now, others, more, bigger, better.

27

Table 3: Grammatical Cohesion That Appear in The Second Text.

Kind of Lexical Cohesion The Items

Repetition congress, popular, site, review, fund, think. Synonym or near synonym argue = against.

Superordinate things → your money and your government. General word folks, thing.

Collocation congress – congressman.

Table 4: Lexical Cohesion That Appear in The Second Text.

Text 3: Not Just by the Numbers Kind of Grammatical

Cohesion

The Items

Substitution one.

Ellipsis -

Reference it, they, you, I, we, our, its, your, me , my, more. Conjunction but, too, and, also.

Table 5: Grammatical Cohesion That Appear in The Third Text.

Kind of Lexical Cohesion The Items

Repetition data, hospital, think.

Synonym or near synonym see = take a look, study = learn, important = vital, beyond = through, baffling disease = chronic disease

Superordinate -

General word everything, thing. Collocation hospital – medicine.

Table 6: Lexical Cohesion That Appear in The Third Text.

Summary of Data

Text Title S1 E R1 C1 R2 S2 H G C2

1 Navigating the World of Work

2 - 46 28 3 - 1 2 2

2 Your Money and Your Government

2 - 73 25 7 1 1 2 1

3 Not Just by the Numbers

1 - 47 8 3 5 - 2 1

Table 7: Summary of Data of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion that Appear in Three Texts.

S1 = Substitution

E = Ellipsis R1 = Reference

C1 = Conjunction

R2 = Repetition

S2 = Synonym

H = Hypernym G = General Word C2 = Collocation

B. Data Analysis

After explaining data description above, the writer would like to analyze data for the next step. First, the writer will analyze the kind of cohesion that appear on editor’s note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine whether

29

grammatical cohesion or lexical cohesion. Finally, the writer can know the cohesiveness degrees which are in those texts.

1. Text 1: Navigating the World of Work 1.1. Grammatical Cohesion in Text One a. Paragraph one

Tough times mean finding or improving a job is a job. Nobody said

this was going to be easy. In a good year finding your dream job takes time and energy. And this isn’t a good year. The recession may be over from a technical standpoint, but the bleak employment picture is a hangover we’re going to suffer through for the rest of this year and

into the next. Our issue this month is here to help.

b. Paragraph two

Our package of rankings, data, and advice assesses the state of the career world in 2010 and offers a broad array of choices contemplate.

We look at such essential topics as the best-paying careers; how to market yourself in the internet dominated job search sector; the best websites to use; how to get back into the workforce when you’ve taken time away; and how to find education alternatives to expand your

options.

c. Paragraph three

Techies rule. One thing for sure is that the tech economy has arrived. As you can see from our list, most of the top jobs these days require math and science skills, whether for engineering, computer

science, or medical specialities. (Economists also are in high demand somehow, despite mostly failing to forsee that predicament we’re in. Maybe the next crop will do a better job).

d. Paragraph four

And if you can’t find a job or don’t like the oneyou have? Maybe

it’s time to go back to school. Getting an advanced degree can be a great way to weather a recession – as the surge of interest in graduate schools and particularly online education opportunities would suggest. As jobs start to trickle back into the market, they are sure to require

higher skill levels. Most companies are doing more work with the

fewer people, often because the best workers have become highly productive. The place to start is with our new America’s Best

Graduated Schools, debuting this month and online at

www.usnews.com. We have a lots of fresh, useful data about schools

and programs that will help you find the right fit. We have more

emphasis on online programs because sometimes the best choice may be a shorter-term certificate program to enhance a specific set of technical or management skills: Employers list exactly what they’re looking for, and online education institutions tailor their programs to meet the market needs. We also can show you how to pay for your schooling. These programs are expensive and, despite the economy, not getting any cheaper. But if you do it the right way, it can be an investment worth making.

31

e. Paragraph five

I’d like to get your thoughts on the state of the job market. What are the lessons for the country and especially young people starting out? Are we matching our education to our workforce needs? Will there be enough good jobs to go around? Drop me a note at editor@usnews.com. And tell your kids to do their math homework.

The word one substitute the word job as a noun. So, it’s kind of noun substitution. Besides that, there is a word don’t that is followed by word like (verb) and they are called verbal substitution. There are three kinds of references in those paragraphs above. First, personal reference in word your (5 items), we (7 items), our (6 items), yourself (1 item), you (9 items), it (3 items), they (2 items), I (1 item), me (1 item), and their (2 items). Second, demonstrative reference in word this, there, these, here. All of them appear once in the text. Third or the last reference is comparative reference that is appear in word more (2 items) and fewer (1 item). More and fewer belong to enumerative. Then, the word better, higher, and shorter belong to epithet. The word and (15 items), or (4 items) and also (2 items) is kind of addition conjunction. Because it coordinates or links by adding to the presupposed item. While the word

next (2 items) is temporality conjunction, because (1 item) is causality conjunction, and the word but (2 items) and despite (1 item) is kind of adversative conjuntion because it indicate “contrary to expectation”.

1.2. Lexical Cohesion in text one a. Paragraph one

Tough times mean finding or improving a job is a job. Nobody said this was going to be easy. In a good year finding your dream job takes time and energy. And this isn’t a good year. The recession may be over from a technical standpoint, but the bleak employment picture is a hangover we’re going to suffer through for the rest of this year and into the next. Our issue this month is here to help.

b. Paragraph two

Our package of rankings, data, and advice assesses the state of the

career world in 2010 and offers a broad array of choices contemplate. We look at such essential topics as the best-paying careers; how to market yourself in the internet dominated job search sector; the best websites to use; how to get back into the workforce when you’ve taken time away; and how to find education alternatives to expand your options.

c. Paragraph three

Techies rule. One thing for sure is that the tech economy has arrived. As you can see from our list, most of the top jobs these days require math and science skills, whether for engineering, computer science, or medical specialities. (Economists also are in high demand somehow, despite mostly failing to forsee that predicament we’re in. Maybe the next crop will do a better job).

33

d. Paragraph four

And if you can’t find a job or don’t like the one you have? Maybe it’s time to go back to school. Getting an advanced degree can be a great way to weather a recession – as the surge of interest in graduate schools and particularly online education opportunities would suggest. As jobs start to trickle back into the market, they are sure to require higher skill levels. Most companies are doing more work with the fewer people, often because the best workers have become highly productive. The place to start is with our new America’s Best Graduated Schools, debuting this month and online at www.usnews.com. We have a lots of fresh, useful data about schools and programs that will help you find the right fit. We have more emphasis on online programs because sometimes the best choice may be a shorter-term certificate program to enhance a specific set of technical or management skills: Employers list exactly what they’re looking for, and online education institutions tailor their programs to meet the market needs. We also can show you how to pay for your schooling. These programs are expensive and, despite the economy, not getting any cheaper. But if you do it the right way, it can be an investment worth making.

e. Paragraph five

I’d like to get your thoughts on the state of the job market. What are the lessons for the country and especially young people starting

out? Are we matching our education to our workforce needs? Will there be enough good jobs to go around? Drop me a note at editor@usnews.com. And tell your kids to do their math homework.

There are kinds of reiteration in these texts above. The phrase good year (paragraph one), career (paragraph two), how (paragraph two) are words which are repeated twice. Good year, career, and how in these sentences also refer to the same referent. So, they are called repetition. In the text, the writer also finds collocation. The prase best-paying and word

carreer usually occur together in a sentence. So, it is called collocation. The word thing (paragraph three) is very general. Its meaning is very broad. So, it is called general word. The words engineering, computer science, or medical specialities (paragraph three) are related word whose meanings are specific instances of top jobs. So, it can be concluded that

top jobs is superordinate, because it is more general than its instances. The word people (paragraph four)is general word because it has basically the same meaning of a more specific word, such as men, women, girls, boys, etc. in those sentences above, the writer also finds a collocation in word workers (paragraph four) and companies (paragraph four) that usually occur together in some contexts, such as industry, business, economy, etc. there is no lexical cohesion in paragraph five. 1.3. Degree of Cohesiveness in Text One

35

In paragraph one, the writer finds five sentences. The first until the fourth paragraph are good in grammar and lexical cohesiveness. But, the last sentence or the fifth sentence is fewer cohesive because the sentence “Our issue this month is here to help.” is not related to the previous sentence “The recession may be over from a technical standpoint, but the bleak employment picture is a hangover we’re going to suffer through for the rest of this year and into the next”. So, it is better to add a conjunction

because of that.

b. Paragraph two: lower degree.

The second paragraph has two sentences. The writer finds the first sentence and second sentence is fewer cohesive. It still needs a conjunction

and. Besides that, there are many repetition of word how to in the second sentence “We look at such essential topics as the best-paying careers; how

to market yourself in the internet dominated job search sector; the best websites to use; how to get back into the workforce when you’ve taken time away; and how to find education alternatives to expand your options.” It is better to combinate them as “We look at such essential topics as the best-paying careers; how to market yourself in the internet dominated job search sector; the best websites to use; how to get back into the workforce when you’ve taken time away and find education alternatives to expand your options.”

Paragraph three consists of five sentences. They are good in grammar and lexical. Because of that, it is very easy to be understood by the readers.

d. Paragraph four: medium degree.

Paragraph four is the longest paragraph of all. It just needs an additons to make it more cohesive. The writer adds a demonstrative reference “now” between the third sentence and fourth sentence. So it becomes “As jobs start to trickle back into the market, they are sure to require higher skill levels. Now, most companies are doing more work with the fewer people, often because the best workers have become highly productive.”

e. Paragraph five: medium degree.

The writer adds a causality conjunction “so” in the last sentence of that paragraph, as follow: “So, drop me a note at editor@usnews.com. And tell your kids to do their math homework” because it is a conclusion of the fifth paragraph.

2. Text 2: Your Money and Your Government 2.1. Grammatical Cohesion in Text Two a. Paragraph one

We’re taking on two big topics this month: your money and

your government. Or may be it’s the same thing? Just kidding –

I’m not here to pick that fight. Although I’d be happy to referee

37

b. Paragraph two

The truth is that more than a few Americans are very concerned about both the direction of their government and the state of their money. Some folks make some case that the two are much too closely linked. Others will tell you that the federal government is playing a bigger role because it has to – because of

failures in the market economy and inequities in the fabric of society. That’s way we have elections. Andwe’ve got a great one coming up.

c. Paragraph three

We’re not here to argue the case for or against big government.

But we are trying to help you understand to the political forces that have already made this one of the most interesting, consequential years in American politics – and one that will only get more intense as we approach the fall House and Senate elections. We’re taking a step back to take a look forward with a political guide that tries to separate the noise from the substance. Tea Parties, talk radio, cable partisanship, and internet money bombs are only part of the hyperactive climate that’s been created by a president with an agenda that at least half the electorate is not buying.

d. Paragraph four

We’re also introducing a new aspect to our coverage: an online insider’s guide to Congress (story, page 39), an interactive database (usnews.com/congress) that lets you research any member of

Congress, including their backgrounds, politics, and campaign contributions. As we build this out over time, we hope it will become an essential resource to an understanding how Congress - and your

congressman–works.

e. Paragraph five

Now, let’s talk about your money. The focus this month is on investing, as we debut our Best Mutual Funds rating tool (more about that in a moment). We also take you through a range of issues from rebuilding a battered portfolio to retirement planning to tips for making your money go further. Even with the outlines of a recovery starting to become visible, it’s clear that we’re going to be living in a new economic climate that will require us to be very engaged in our

own finances.

f. Paragraph six

To that end, we’ve created a Best Mutual Funds feature on our

website (usnews.com/f unds). We’re following a methodology we’ve used with great success on our increasingly popular auto rankings

site (usnews.com/cars) and our new travel site

(http://travel.usnews.com). Essentially, Best Mutual Funds is a review of the reviews, a composite of data from the most respected raters of mutual funds that gives you a blended score for each of the most popular funds. The tables on page 52 are a snapshot of thousand of

39

pages online. We’ve created a clean, simple navigation that will help guide you through what can be a daunting set of choices.

g. Paragraph seven

Both the Congress project and the mutual fund ratings are part of

our strategy to use the best attributes of print and online formats to give you the information you need to make sound decisions about things that matter in your life.

h. Paragraph eight

As always, I’m eager to hear your feedback about how we’re doing

and what you think of the bigger issues. How do you think the fall elections are shaping up? Care to handicap the odds of the Democrats losing the House? And what would happen then? How can President Obama rally his supporters? We’re also very interested in what you

think of our mutual funds coverage. Tell us how we can do a better

job giving you objective, useful information. Drop me a note and

share your thoughts with the rest of our readers on my blog at usnews.com/editor.

The word one in that sentence substitute the word election.Election

is kind of noun. So, there is noun substitution in that sentence. The writer didn’t find any ellipsis form in the second text. Then, kinds of reference that can be found in second text are we (19 items), your (8 items), it (3 items), I (5 items), their (2 items), you (12 items), our (9 items), us (3 items), his (1 item), me (1 item), my (1 item). They are called personal

reference. Besides those references, the writer also find that which appear twice, here, now, this that appear once. And they are called demonstrative reference, because they are used to express the location and space or time. Then, others is kind of genetic (diectic) that refers to difference, while

bigger, more, and better are kind of particular (enumerative and epithet). Both of genetic and particular are called comparative reference. There are many conjunction that can be found in second text, such as 21 item of addition conjunction, 1 item of adversative conjunction, 1 item of temporality conjunction, and 2 item of causality conjunction. The addition conjunction form appear in word and, or, too, and also. While the adversative conjunction appear in word although, temporality conjunction appear in word then and the word because is form of causality conjunction. 2.2. Lexical Cohesion in Text Two

a. Paragraph one

We’re taking on two big topics this month: your money and your government. Or may be it’s the same thing? Just kidding – I’m not here to pick that fight. Although I’d be happy to referee it.

b. Paragraph two

The truth is that more than a few Americans are very concerned about both the direction of their government and the state of their money. Some folks make a strong case that the two are much too closely linked. Others folks will tell you that the federal

41

government is playing a bigger role because it has to – because of failures in the market economy and inequities in the fabric of society. That’s way we have elections. And we’ve got a great one coming up.

c. Paragraph three

We’re not here to argue the case for or against big government. But we are trying to help you understand to the political forces that have already made this one of the most interesting, consequential years in American politics – and one that will only get more intense as we approach the fall House and Senate elections. We’re taking a step back to take a look forward with a political guide that tries to separate the noise from the substance. Tea Parties, talk radio, cable partisanship, and internet money bombs are only part of the hyperactive climate that’s been created by a president with an agenda that at least half the electorate is not buying.

d. Paragraph four

We’re also introducing a new aspect to our coverage: an online insider’s guide to Congress (story, page 39), an interactive database (usnews.com/congress) that lets you research any member of

Congress, including their backgrounds, politics, and campaign contributions. As we build this out over time, we hope it will become an essential resource to an understanding how Congress - and your

congressman–works.

Now, let’s talk about your money. The focus this month is on investing, as we debut our Best Mutual Funds rating tool (more about that in a moment). We also take you through a range of issues from rebuilding a battered portfolio to retirement planning to tips for making your money go further. Even with the outlines of a recovery starting to become visible, it’s clear that we’re going to be living in a new economic climate that will require us to be very engaged in our own finances.

f. Paragraph six

To that end, we’ve created a Best Mutual Funds feature on our website (usnews.com/f unds). We’re following a methodology we’ve used with great success on our increasingly popular auto rankings

site (usnews.com/cars)and our new travel site

(http://travel.usnews.com). Essentially, Best Mutual Funds is a review

of the reviews, a composite of data from the most respected raters of mutual funds that gives you a blended score for each of the most

popular funds. The tables on page 52 are a snapshot of thousand of pages online. We’ve created a clean, simple navigation that will help guide you through what can be a daunting set of choices.

g. Paragraph seven

Both the Congress project and the mutual fund ratings are part of our strategy to use the best attributes of print and online formats to

43

give you the information you need to make sound decisions about

things that matter in your life.

h. Paragraph eight

As always, I’m eager to hear your feedback about how we’re doing and what you think of the bigger issues. How do you think the fall elections are shaping up? Care to handicap the odds of the Democrats losing the House? And what would happen then? How can President Obama rally his supporters? We’re also very interested in what you think of our mutual funds coverage. Tell us how we can do a better job giving you objective, useful information. Drop me a note and share your thoughts with the rest of our readers on my blog at usnews.com/editor.

Thing and Folks are very general. Folks can be Javanese folks, Sundanese folks, American folks, etc. So, it can be included as general word. According to Oxford dictionary, the word argue (paragraph two) means “give a reason for / against something”, while the word against

(paragraph two) means “opposing”. Argue and against have similar meaning, although their meaning are not exactly same. They are called near synonym. The word congress (paragraph four) occurs twice, popular

(paragraph six) occurs twice, site (paragraph six) occurs twice, review

(paragraph six) occurs twice, funds (paragraph six) also occurs twice. All of them have pair that has same meaning. Because of that, they are called repetition and they are kinds of reiteration. This repetition makes

cohesiveness of the text. Congress and congressman (paragraph four) are habitually co-occur. The word congressman usually appear with the word

congress. So, they are called collocation. In the above example the word The word in italic think (paragraph eight) is repeated. So, definitely it is repetition. This repetition make those sentences cohesive.

2.3. Degree of Cohesiveness in Text Two a. Paragraph one: Higher degree.

Paragraph one consists of four sentences. They are good in grammar and lexical. Because of that, it is very easy to be understood by the readers.

b. Paragraph two: Higher degree.

The writer concludes paragraph two in the second text has higher degree because it is very cohesive. There are many kinds of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion that can be found.

c. Paragraph three: Medium degree.

Paragraph three is on medium degree of cohesiveness. It is caused by the third sentence of this paragraph is fewer cohesive. The writer suggests to add a conjunction in the beginning of the third sentence. So, it becomes “Then,we’re taking a step back to take a look forward with a political guide that tries to separate the noise from the substance.”

45

d. Paragraph four: Higher degree.

Paragraph four is on higher degree because the sentences in it is related one to another. It means paragraph four has good cohesiveness. This paragraph doesn’t need any addition.

e. Paragraph five: Higher degree.

Paragraph five is the same as paragraph four. It has good cohesiveness. Grammatical and lexical cohesion devices often appear in this paragraph to make its cohesiveness. So, it doesn’t need any grammatical and lexical cohesion devices more.

f. Paragraph six: Medium degree.

The third sentence in paragraph six “Essentially, Best Mutual Funds is a review of the reviews, a composite of data from the most respected raters of mutual funds that gives you a blended score for each of the most popular fund.” needs a personal reference, so it becomes

“Essentially, Best Mutual Funds is a review of the reviews, it is a composite of data from the most respected raters of mutual funds that gives you a blended score for each of the most popular fund.”.because of this addition in this paragraph, paragraph six is on the medium degree. g. Paragraph seven: Higher degree.

Paragraph seven doesn’t need any addition or change. It is cohesive enough. So, the reader is easier to understand it.

The last paragraph of the second text is on medium degree. It needs three additions. First, in the seventh sentence “Tell us how we can do a better job giving you objective, useful information. This sentence still needs an additive conjunction, so it can be got “Tell us how we can do a better job giving you objective, and useful information.Second,the sentence “Drop me a note and share your thoughts with the rest of our readers on my blog at usnews.com/editor.” Then the third, the writer adds a causality conjunction “so” in the last sentence of that paragraph, as follow: “So, drop me a note and share your thoughts with the rest of our readers on my blog at usnews.com/editor” because it is a conclusion of the fifth paragraph.

3. Text 3: Not Just by the Numbers

3.1. Grammatical Cohesion in Text Three a. Paragraph one

Ranking matter, but so do the people who give the care. A lot of data goes into our annual “Best Hospitals” rankings, just as a lot of data underlies so much of modern medicine. But people matter, too.

It’s just that not everything they contribute to a patient can be measured. You’ll see what I mean when you take a look at Avery Comarow’s remarkable story about Cincinnati Children’s Hospital on page 49. The staffs combination of technical skill and personal care has made it one of the country’s best and case study we can learn from.

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b. Paragraph two

Like each of the eight children’s hospitals that made our honor roll this year, Cincinnati Children’s does well in many specialities. Comarow zeroed in on how it handles the baffling disease known as cystic fibrosis and shows how rigorous the caregivers are about finding best practices while giving its young patients humane treatment. The photos by Charlie Archambault give you a frank understanding of the daily struggles of a child with a chronic disease that no set of statistics could ever convey.

c. Paragraph three

Powerful numbers. Much as we’d like to, we can’t tell this kind of story for every hospital that makes our list. We survey early 5,000 of the nation’s hospitals and select the few hundred top performers in key specialities. And we know from experience that the numbers also

tell important stories. Our hospital rankings have long provided some vital benchmarks for customers and medical professionals. In this,

you’ll find detailed tables of the various specialities as well as the overall honor roll for those hospitals that do well in many categories.

If you’re looking for more information, you can go to

us.news.com/besthospitals, where our searchable directory of most of the nation’s hospitals can help you make comparisons.

d. Paragraph four

Beyond the numbers, wealso take you through some of the critical issues to consider if you or a loved one is facing the prospect of a hospital stay. The experience is a daunting one, even in the best of circumtances. But the shifting rules of healthcare make it imperative that you think about things like insurance, billing, and patient option before you walk through the door.

e. Paragraph five

We’ve always thought that helping you to be an informed patient (hyponym, 30) was part of our job at U.S News. We want to provide

you with the tools and expert advice to help you understand the changing (synonym, 25) world of medicine and how it affects you. As the murky health reform mandates start to take shape. We think keeping up with those changes will be more important than ever before. I’d like to hear how you think we’re doing, how we could do

better, and what your own experience is with the medical system these days. Drop me a note and share your thoughts with the rest of our

readers on my blog at usnews.com/editor.

One in that paragraph four refer to someone who is loved by you.

This substitution can be called noun substitution because both of one or

you is a noun. The writer didn’t find any ellipsis in the third text. References that is appeared in the third text is personal reference (it occurs 4 times, they occurs once, you occurs 15 times, I occur twice, we occurs 11

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times, our occur 6 times, its occur once , your occurs twice, me occur once, and my also occurs once ), and comparative reference (more that is appear twice)

3.2. Lexical Cohesion in Text Three a. Paragraph one

Ranking matter, but so do the people who give the care. A lot of

data goes into our annual “Best Hospitals” rankings, just as a lot of

data underlies so much of modern medicine. But people matter, too. It’s just that not everything they contribute to a patient can be measured. You’ll see what I mean when you take a look at Avery Comarow’s remarkable story about Cincinnati Children’s Hospital on page 49. The staffs combination of technical skill and personal care has made it one of the country’s best and case study we can learn from.

b. Paragraph two

Like each of the eight children’s hospitals that made our honor roll this year, Cincinnati Children’s does well in many specialities. Comarow zeroed in on how it handles the baffling disease known as cystic fibrosis and shows how rigorous the caregivers are about finding best practices while giving its young patients humane treatment. The photos by Charlie Archambault give you a frank understanding of the daily struggles of a child with a chronic disease

and.

Five 1. Reference

2. Conjunction

We, you, more, I, better, your, me, our, my.

And.

1. Repetition Think. Higher degree

Table 10: Degree of Cohesiveness in Text Three.

The tables above show that there are many differences in using grammatical and lexical cohesion and it makes every text has different degree of cohesion. It can be seen in table above that the text one has five paragraphs. First fourth, and fifth paragraph are on medium degree, second paragraph is on lower degree, and the third paragraph is on higher degree. The writer finds grammatical cohesion that is used in text one is less. So, it needs two more. While, repetition in text one is too much. So, in second paragraph, the writer reduces it.

Then, text two has eight paragraphs. The first, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh paragraph are on higher degree, while the third, sixth, and eighth paragraph are on medium degree. There is no paragraph in text two that is on lower degree. Because of that, text two has good cohesiveness. The lexical cohesion devices that appear in this text such as congress, congressman, fund, etc. support the title of the text.

And the last text or text three has five paragraphs. Paragraph one until three have medium degree while paragraph four and five have higher degree. Each

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paragraph in this text support the title of this text, “Not Just by the Numbers”, because almost every paragraph use some lexical cohesion devices that is related to the title, for instances: data, hospital, medicine, baffling disease, chronic disease, etc. Because of this relation between title and lexical cohesion devices, text three is classified as cohesive and coherent text.

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A. Conclusions

In the previous chapter, the writer analyzed three editor’s notes in U.S. News and World Report Magazine. The writer has analyzed the kind of cohesion that appear of those texts and the grammatical and lexical cohesiveness degree of each text. Grammatical cohesion devices which have been analyzed by the writer are substitution, ellipsis, reference, and conjunction, while lexical cohesion which have been analyzed are reiteration (repetition, synonym or near synonym, superordinate or hypernym and general word) and collocation.

Substitution, reference, and conjunction always appear in all of the texts, but there is no ellipsis form in them. While in lexical cohesion, the second text is the most complete of all because it has all of the lexical cohesion device. While the first text doesn’t have synonym item and the third text doesn’t have any hypernym or superordinate item.

The using of cohesion devices in every text are not same. It makes the different degree of cohesiveness between them. Based on the degree of cohesiveness in each paragraph of the text, text one is fewer cohesive than text three because text one has two paragraphs that is on medium degree, second paragraph in text one is on lower degree of cohesiveness and text one just has a paragraph that is on higher degree, while text three has two paragraphs that are on

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higher degree and three paragraphs are on medium degree. Then, text three is fewer cohesive than text two. Text two has five of eight paragraphs that are on higher degree and the others are on medium degree.

The writer concludes that text one is fewer cohesive than text three, and text three is fewer cohesive than text two. So, text is the fewest cohesive all of the texts and text two is the most cohesive all of the text.

The cohesiveness of the text depends on the appropriateness of cohesion devices which are used in the text and contiuity of meaning that is conveyed by the editor through cohesion. If the text has more occurrence of cohesion devices which are appropriate in that text and has continuity of meaning mean that it is more cohesive and coherent, but if the text has fewer occurrence of cohesion devices which are appropriate in that text and doesn’t have continuity of meaning mean that it is fewer cohesive and coherent.

B. Suggestions

Editor’s note in U.S. News and World Report Magazine always discuss different topics in every edition. This case makes the editor to use many reference and conjunction. Because of that, the writer suggests to reduce those references and conjuntions. It’s better if the editor changes it with their superordinate, general word or synonym. But it doesn’t matter if the using of reference and conjunction is suitable to the text and context. Then, the writer suggests to use ellipsis form because the balance of applying cohesion in a text is more important to make its cohesiveness.

In this research, the writer only analyzes three texts in U.S. News and World Report Magazine, and the writer suggests to the next researcher to expand the coverage by add the text that will be analyzed or don’t only take the texts from one magazine. So, the next researcher can compare texts not only in same magazine but also in different magazine. Finally, it will be a comprehensive research and the result of the research is more extensive.

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