From the three definitions above, it seems that Nida is more accurate in serving the basis concept of translation. From his explanation, it can be concluded
that a translator should focus not only on semantic transference from SL to TL, but also on the appropriate stylistic and diction in the TL.
b. Types of Translation
Three categories of translation described by the Czech structuralist Roman Jakobson in his seminar paper On Linguistic Aspects of Translation 1959: 114.
Jakobsons categories are as follows.
1 Intralingual translation, or rewording is defined as an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of other signs of the same language. 2
Interlingual translation, or translation proper is defined as an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.
3 intersemiotic translation, or transmutation is defined as an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Furthermore, Jackobson 1959 explains that intralingual translation of a
word uses either another, more or less synonymous. Yet synonymy, as a rule, is not complete equivalence, for example, every celibate is a bachelor, but not every
bachelor is a celibate. Moreover, a word or an idiomatic phrase-word may be fully interpreted only by means of an equivalent combination of code-units, for
instance, a message referring to this code unit: ‘every bachelor is an unmarried man, and every unmarried man is
a bachelor’. For interlingual translation, Jackobson states that there is ordinarily no full
equivalence between code-units, while messages may serve as adequate
interpretations of messages. He states that the translator recodes and transmits a message received from another source. Thus translation involves two equivalent
messages in two different codes. Different from intralingual and interlingual translation, in intersemiotic
translation symbols or signs may interpreted into other symbols or signs of the same system or another system. For example, intersemiotic translation can happen
when translating a written text into music, movie, or painting. From the three types of translation above, Interlingual Translation or
Translation Proper is clo se to the researcher’s topic. By defining that Translation
proper involves two different codes, the researcher believes it can happen in a movie because it needs to be translated into many languages. The object of this
research is SpongeBob movies and the major topic is wordplays, therefore Interlingual Translation is needed to translate the wordplays into many languages
so that people with different languages and cultures can understand the wordplays very well. A translation activity which involves multimedia, especially movies,
can be categorized as Audiovisual Translation.
