expectations and reward attaches to the role, he or she will move into the new role easily and effectively”.
69
4. Characteristics of society
Krench, Crutchfield, and ballachey in Elly’s note indicated society characteristics as follow:
70
a. A set of group or people association
b. Commonly old-formed
c. Possessing social system and structure
d. Possessing compromised values beliefs, attitude, and behavior
e. Continuous and defensive
f. Cultured
5. Factors of Human Change in Society
According to Pitirin A. Sorokin, there are three theories in analyzing social change, geographical theory, biological theory, and
economical theory.
71
And the factors of social change could be described in the following points:
a. Population raising or lowering
b. Innovationdiscovery
c. Society conflict
d. Revolutionrebellion
And the factors influence the processes of the social change described below:
a. Having a contact with other cultures
b. Possessing developed formal education
69
Diane Mitsch, Roberta G. Simmons, Socialization Process over the Life Course New York: Basic Books, 1981, p. 167.
70
Dr. Elly M. Setiadi, M. Si., et. al., Dasar Ilmu Sosial dan Budaya, second Edition Bandung: Kencana, 2006, pp. 79 – 84.
71
Pitirim A. Sorokin, Contemporary Sociological Theories New York: Harper and Brother, 1928, p. 739.
32
c. Appreciating one’s work and willing to move forward
d. Tolerating deviancy change
e. Setting an open stratification
f. Existing heterogenic society
g. Orienting the future
h. Admitting that human being should strive to better life
72
H. Review of Past Studies
Because I could not find previous researches related to gangs at school which were conducted by Indonesian researchers, I decided to take the
previous researches conducted by foreigners’ research.
1. Gangs in the Schools
According to Bodinger-deUriarte’s research, Gang culture among young people, in itself, is nothing new. Indeed, youth gangs have been
a major part of the urban cultural landscape since at least the 1830s.
In the late twentieth century United States, however, gangs have taken on a different character and have moved into areas unimagined
by Dickens. Most significantly, they are spreading from inner cities to edge cities--cities at the outskirts of large urban centers--and to
suburbs; indeed, while gang activity has been stabilizing in urban areas, it has increased significantly elsewhere. At the same time, gangs
have become a growing problem in public schools, which historically have been considered neutral turf.
73
2. Characteristics of Gangs
Researchers agree that most gangs share certain characteristics. Although there are exceptions, gangs tend to develop along racial and
ethnic lines, and are typically 90 percent male. Gang members often
72
Soerjono Soekanto, Sosiologi; Suatu Pengantar An Introduction to Sociology Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2009, pp. 275 – 286.
73
Bodinger-deUriarte C., Membership in Violent Gangs Fed by Suspicion, Deterred Through Respect, Los Alamitos CA: Southwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1993, p. 46.
33
