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k
= the total valid items.
pq = the sum of the multiplication of the proportion of the correct answers and the incorrect answers.
S
t
= Standard deviation of the square root of the total of the square of each deviation score divided by the number of the respondents.
F. The Technique of Analyzing Data
There are two techniques in analyzing the data, they are: 1. Qualitative analysis
The analysis of data is a very important part of the classroom action research. The researcher used interactive model proposed by Miles and Huberman
1984: 21-23 who state that analyzing qualitative data has three steps, they are: a. Data reduction
In this stage, the writer starts with the process of selection, simplification, and transformation from the source of data into a coherent description. In this step,
the researcher takes some notes and describes the real condition of the observation that the researcher have done. Then, the researcher writes a
coherent description from the observation notes. b. Data display
In this step, after presenting the data, the researcher analyzes the data. Then, the researcher describes the answer of the problem statement.
c. Data verification In this stage, the researcher makes summary or conclusion of the research. The
conclusion is drawn continuously throughout the course of the study. Then, the researcher writes the conclusion according to her observation and
interpretation. 2. Quantitative analysis
In analyzing the quantitative data, the researcher applied a descriptive statistic analysis, comparing the following dimension: highest scores, lowest
scores, and means. The steps in analyzing quantitative data are as follows:
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a. Computing the students‟ correct answers.
b. Calculating the students‟ scores of the written test, that is done as follows:
1 Calculating the percentage of the correct answers of each students. The
percentage is used to measure the students‟ reading comprehension. To
find out the percentage correction formula as Suharsimi Arikunto 1998: 38 who states that:
xSM N
R S
Where: S
= the students‟ mastery in R
= the students‟ right answer N
= the maximum number of the whole answer SM
= standard mark 100 There are five categories to determine the level of the students‟ reading
comprehension, they are as follows: Arikunto, 1998: 38
Percentage Interpretation
81 - 100 Very good
61 - 80 Good
41 - 60 Fair
21 - 40 Poor
0 - 20 Very poor
2 After analyzing the scores of the written test, the researcher uses a
statistical technique to find the students‟ mean score and t-test of non independent variable to analyze the difference before and after the
action in each cycle. The formula is as follows:
a The formula to find out mean score:
X
=
n X
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Where:
X
= mean the score
X
= the total score n = number of students
b The formula for t-test:
2 2
1
n n
n D
D D
t
Where: t
= the t-value for non-independent correlated means D
= the difference between the paired score
D
= the means of the differences
2
D
= the sum of the squared difference score n
= number of the students c.
Making conclusion and suggestion based on the data analysis.
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CHAPTER IV THE RESULT OF THE STUDY
