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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature. This chapter is about the theoretical description and the theoretical framework. The theoretical
description relates to the theories that support this research. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework synthesizes the supporting theories to answer the research
problem.
A. Theoretical Description
There are four major issues underlying this research. Those issues are some theories related to the instructional materials, the role of workbooks, material
evaluation, and book evaluation criteria.
1. Instructional Materials
Materials refer to anything which is used by teachers or learners to facilitate the language learning Tomlinson, 1998, p. 2. Likewise, Dick and Reiser
1989 define that “instructional materials are materials planned by the teacher for instructions.
” The materials can be in the form of textbooks, cassettes, videos, CD- Rooms, dictionaries, grammar books, workbooks or photocopied exercises.
Therefore, instructional materials are the things that help the language teachers or learners in the language learning process. Richard 2001, p. 251 comments that
“instructional materials generally serve as the basis of much of the language input that learners receive and the language practice that occurs in the classroom
”. Thus, materials play an important role in the learning process. It can be used as a guideline
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for the teachers to teach the students and also as the source of the students’ basic
knowledge. There are many kinds of materials in language learning, two of them are
textbooks and workbooks. Both are used by the teachers to support the learning process. The things that differentiate those books are the content. As stated by
Arsyad 2004, p. 29, a workbook is a kind of printed media in the form of book and it consists of visual materials. Meanwhile, a textbook is a resource that presents
the material and a source for the learners to practice and to do the activities provided in the textbook Cunningsworth, 1995. The textbook is the primary material, while
workbook is the supplementary material in the learning process. This research will examine more on the workbook. The workbook which is used in this research
named Pakar. It is used as a supplementary material in the learning process for the seventh grade students of SMP N 2 Mlati Sleman, Yogyakarta.
2. The Role of Workbook
Commercial textbooks together with supplementary materials, such as workbooks
, cassettes, and teacher’s guides are the commonest form of materials that can be seen in the language teaching Richards, 2001, p. 254. As a
supplementary material, a workbook that contains lots of exercises help the teachers in reviewing the materials. Teachers can give some homework to the students from
the workbook. This homework reminds the students about the materials given in the school, so they will not forget the materials easily. Moreover, language teachers
use a textbook as a guideline to deliver the materials. As states by Tok 2010, a
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