Figure 2: The Analytical Construct
45
PRAGMATICS
Politeness Cooperative Principles
Positive Politeness
Bald on-
Record Off-
Record Negative Politeness
1. Noticing to H
2. Exaggerating
3. Intensifying interest
4. Using in-group
identity marker 5.
Seeking agreement 6.
Avoiding disagreement 7.
Presupposing 8.
Joking 9.
Asserting 10.
Offering, promising 11.
Being optimistic 12.
Including S H 13.
Giving reasons 14.
Assuming Reciprocity 15.
Giving gifts to H Flouting
Non-Observance of Maxim
Violating
Opting Out
Violation of
quantity maxim
Violation of quality
maxim Violation
of relation
maxim Violation
of manner
maxim Politeness Strategies
Infringing
A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES AS REFLECTED BY THE CHARACTERS IN CARNAGE MOVIE
Observance of Maxim
46
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter presents the research methods and is divided into six sections. The sections of the research methods are explained as follows. The first section
explores about the type of research which is used in this research. The second section explains the form, context and source of the data. The third section shows
the instruments that used to conduct this research. The fourth section analyzes the techniques used to collect the data. The fifth section describes the techniques used
in analyzing the data. The last section clarifies the credibility of the data.
A. Type of Research
This research applied a qualitative approach based on an analysis of pragmatics since this was the study of politeness and cooperative principles in a
movie. Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009:310 define a qualitative research as a type of study which creates a descriptive text of the phenomena. Furthermore,
they 2009:167 state that the aim of the qualitative research is more descriptive than predictive. They also add that the goal of the qualitative research is to get a
deep understanding about the research participants’ point of view. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach because the objective
of this study was to understand the findings of language phenomena of politeness and cooperative principles deeply. Then,
the research’s findings tend to be more descriptive. Using the descriptive qualitative approach, this research was aimed at
