11 beginning until the end of the story. On the other hand, minor character or
secondary character is a character which appears just in certain event and performs limited function in the story. However, minor characters are important to
strengthen the development of major character since they become the background of the major character.
In addition, Foster 1927 distinguishes the characters into two kinds, namely flat and round character as cited in Barnet, 2011, p. 358-359. A flat
character is relatively simple and static. It usually has only one trait or feature and does not change as the story progresses. Compared to flat character, a round
character is presented with several traits. It is likely to be complex and dynamic, in which the character changes at the end of the story.
3. Theory of Characterization
Characterization has an important role in a novel. Kennedy and Gioia 2011 define characterization as a technique used by the author to create, reveal,
or develop the characters p. 106. This is supported by Rohrberger and Woods 1971 who declare that characterization is a process in which the author creates a
character. It means that the author can create the living characters which will influence the reader’s perspective on a literary work through characterization.
In characterizing an individual in literary works, the author may use some methods. Murphy 1972 proposes nine ways in which an author conveys the
personalities of the characters in order to be understandable for the readers. It can be seen through person
al description of the character’s physical appearance and
12 attribute which may refer to the way character’s dresses. The authors also can give
the readers direct knowledge about the character from what he or she is saying and thinking about. Past life of the character also gives some hints of events that
contribute in shaping the character. Besides, the author can describe the character indirectly through the eyes and opinions of other characters. It can be seen
through conversation of others and things they say about him or her. Moreover, the author can present his or her comment on the character directly in order to
make the character is easy to be understood. Also, the author can give clues of one’s character by presenting how a person reacts to various situation and conflict
and describing that person’s mannerism, habits, or unusual features pp. 161-173. It means that the author can show the character directly and indirectly. Both of
them are used to make the readers understand the character of the story. By understanding the character, the readers are able to imagine what kind of person
he or she is.
4. Theory of Human Needs
Maslow 1954 develops hierarchy of needs which becomes the most popular theory of human needs. The basis of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that
human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that the needs on the lowest stage should be satisfied first before the higher needs can be fulfilled. According
to Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” 1954, there are five stages in hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is presented in the shape of a pyramid that
places human needs in a hierarchy. The lowest level of need is placed at the
