Hubungan Antara Neutrophil – Lymphocyte Count Ratio Dengan Kadar Procalcitonin Pada Pasien Sepsis
DAFTAR KEPUSTAKAAN
1. Angus, Derek C., Carlos A. Pires Pereira, and Eliezer Silva. "Epidemiology of severe
sepsis around the world." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets
(Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) 6.2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
(2006): 207-212.
Jonathan Cohen, The Immunopathogenesis of sepsis, nature 2012.
Dellinger R.P, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International
guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Critical care
medical 2012.
Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE: Bacteraemia prediction in emergency medical
admissions: role of C reactive protein. J Clin Pathol 2005, 58:352-356.
Mirjam Christ-Crain, Beat Müller, Procalcitonin in bacterial infections – hype,
hope, more or less?, SWISS MED WKLY 2005;135:451–460.
Deitch, E. A. Animal models of sepsis and shock: a review and lessons learned.
Shock 9, 1–11 (1998).
Fisher, C. J. et al. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor
receptor:Fc fusion protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1697–1702 (1996).
Zeni, F., Freeman, B. & Natanson, C. Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis
and septic shock: a reassessment. Crit. Care Med. 25, 1095–1100 (1997).
Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C. & Moldawer, L. L. Sepsis syndromes:
understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 16, 83–96 (2001).
Ertel, W. et al. Downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine release in whole
blood from septic patients. Blood 85, 1341–1347 (1995).
Docke, W. D. et al. Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-γ
treatment. Nature Med. 3, 678–681 (1997).
Hotchkiss, R. S. & Karl, I. E. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N.
Engl. J. Med. 348, 138–150 (2003).
Monneret, G. How to identify systemic sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Adv.
Sepsis 4, 42–49 (2005).
Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE, Freeman BD, . et al. Apoptotic cell death in patients
with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit. Care Med. 27, 1230–1251
(1999).
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Apoptosis in lymphoid and parenchymal cells during sepsis:
findings in normal and T- and B-cell-deficient mice. Crit. Care Med. 25, 1298–1307
(1997).
Chung, C. S., Xu, Y. X., Wang, W., Chaudry, I. H. & Ayala, A. Is Fas ligand or
endotoxin responsible for mucosal lymphocyte apoptosis in sepsis? Arch. Surg. 133,
1213–1220 (1998).
Hiramatsu, M., Hotchkiss, R. S., Karl, I. E. & Buchman, T. G. Cecal ligation and
puncture (CLP) induces apoptosis in thymus, spleen, lung, and gut by an endotoxin
and TNF-independent pathway. Shock 7, 247–253 (1997).
Kinloch, R. A., Treherne, J. M., Furness, L. M. & Hajimohamadreza, I. The
pharmacology of apoptosis. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 35–42 (1999).
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound
depletion of B and CD4 T lymphocytes in humans. J. Immunol. 166, 6952–6963
(2001)
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Depletion of dendritic cells, but not macrophages, in patients
with sepsis. J. Immunol. 168, 2493–2500 (2002).
Fearon, D. T. & Locksley, R. M. The instructive role of innate immunity in the
acquired immune response. Science 272, 50–53 (1996).
Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C. & Moldawer, L. L. Sepsis syndromes:
understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 16, 83–96 (2001).
Griffith, T. S., Yu, X., Herndon, J. M., Green, D. R. & Ferguson, T. A. CD95-
induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in an immune privileged site induces
immunological tolerance. Immunity 5, 7–16 (1996).
Voll, R. E. et al. Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 390, 350–
351 (1997).
Fadok, V. A. et al. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit
proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms
involving TGF-ß, PGE2, and PAF. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 890–898 (1998).
Green, D. R. & Beere, H. M. Gone but not forgotten. Nature 405, 28–29 (2000).
Albert, M. L. Death-defying immunity: do apoptotic cells influence antigen
processing and presentation? Nature Rev. Immunol. 4, 223–231 (2004).
Zahorec R. Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts – rapid and simple parameter
of systemic inflammation and stress in critically. Bratisl Med J 2001; 102: 5-14
29.
30.
31.
32.
Jilma B, Blann
A,
Pernerstorfer T, Stohlawetz
P, et al Regulation
of adhesion molecules during human endotoxemia. No acute effects of aspirin. AM J
Resp Crit Care Med 1999.
Le Tulzo, Y. et al. Early circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is
associated with poor outcome. Shock 18, 487–494 (2002).
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the
death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. J. Immunol. 174, 5110–5118 (2005).
De Jager CP, van Wijk PT, Mathoera RB, de Jongh-Leuvenink J, van der Poll T,
Wever PC. Lymphocytopenia and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio predict
bacteremia better than conventional infection markers in an emergency care unit. Crit
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Care 2010; 14: R192
Holub N et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ration as biomarker of bacterial
infections. Cent Eur J Med 2011.
Purba D. Kadar PCT sebagai marker dan hubungannya dengan derajat keparahan
sepsis. Medan. USU press.2010.
Andreas et al. Sepsis syndromes : Understanding the role of innate and acquired
Immunity. Shock, 2001.
Khan Z.U et al. Management of sepsis: the surviving sepsis guidelines for early
therapy. Hospital Physician 2007;55:21-30.
Sclichting D et al. Recognizing and Managing severe sepsis: A common and deadly
threat. Southern Medical Journal 2007.
Loisa P. Anti-Inflammatory response in severe sepsis and septic shock. Doctoral
Dissertation University of Kuopio,2008.
Guntur A.H Sepsis. Dalam : buku ajar Ilmu penyakit dalam, jilid III, edisi V.
Interna Publishing, Jakarta, FK UI, 2009.
Bone R.C et al, Defenitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use
of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992;101;1644-55.
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al; SCCM/ ESICM/ACCP/ATS/ SIS: 2001
SCCM/ ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit
Care Med 2003; 31:1250–1256
Nasronudin. Imunopatogenesis sepsis dan prinsip penatalaksanaan. Dalam :
Penyakit Infeksi di Indonesia, solusi kini dan mendatang, Airlangga university Press,
2007: 28-45.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Greg S. Martin, M.D, David M. Mannino, M.D, Stephanie Eaton, The
epidemiology of sepsis in the nited states from 1979 through 2000. NEJM 2003
Suharto. Recent Advances in septic shock : pathogenesis and treatment. Dalam :
Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan XXII Ilmu penyakit dalam ,
FK Unair Surabaya 1987.
Russel J.A. Management of sepsis. The New England Journal of medicine 2006.
O’Brien J.M Ali N.A sepsis. The American Journal Of medicine 2007.
Nevire R. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Uptodate, 2009.
Abraham E, Wunderink R, Silverman H, Perl TM, Nasraway S, Levy H, Bone R,
Wenzel RP, Balk R, Allred R, et al. Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to
human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized,
controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNF-alpha MAb Sepsis Study
49.
50.
51.
Group. JAMA. 1995 Mar 22;273(12):934–941.
Norbury CJ, Hickson ID. Cellular responses to DNA damage. Annu Rev Pharmacol
Toxicol.2001;41:367–401.
Roy S, Bayly CI, Gareau Y, Houtzager VM, Kargman S, Keen SL, Rowland K,
Seiden IM, Thornberry NA and Nicholson DW. (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 98, 6132–6137.
Marsden V., O'Connor, L., O'Reilly, L.A., Silke, J., Metcalf, D., Ekert, P., Huang,
D.C.S., Cecconi, F., Kuida, K., Tomaselli, K.J., et al. 2002. Apoptosis initiated by
Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-
52.
53.
54.
55.
1/caspase-9 apoptosome. Nature 419: 634-637.
Yin XM, Wang K, Gross A, et al. Bid-deficient mice 98. are resistant to Fas-
induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Nature 1999;400:886-891.
Ljungstrom, L. R., G. Jacobsson, and R. Andersson. "Neutrophil-lymphocyte
count ratio as a biomarker of severe sepsis in Escherichia coli infections in
adults." Critical Care 17.2 (2013): 1-200.
Terradas, Roser, et al. "Eosinophil count and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio as
prognostic markers in patients with bacteremia: a retrospective cohort study." (2012):
e42860.
Becker KL, Nylen ES, White JC, Muller B, Snider RH, Jr. Clinical review 167:
Procalcitonin and the calcitonin gene family of peptides in inflammation, infection,
and sepsis: a journey from calcitonin back to its precursors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2004; 89:1512–25.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Serum procalcitonin and
C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:206–17
Christ-Crain, Mirjam, and Beat Muller. "Procalcitonin in bacterial infections-hype,
hope, more or less?." Swiss medical weekly 135.31/32 (2005): 451.
Taneja, Ravi, et al. "Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with
maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9
activity*." Critical care medicine 32.7 (2004): 1460-1469.
Holub, Michal, et al. "Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio as a biomarker of
bacterial infections." Open Medicine 7.2 (2012): 258-261.
60. Terence chan, Frank GU. Early Diagnosis of Sepsis Using Serum Biomarkers. Expert
Rev Mol Diagn. 2011;11(5):487-496
61. Meisner, Michael. "Update on procalcitonin measurements." Annals of laboratory
medicine 34.4 (2014): 263-273.
62. Annane, Djillali, Eric Bellissant, and Jean-Marc Cavaillon. "Septic shock." The
Lancet 365.9453 (2005): 63-78.
63. Delèvaux, André M, Colombier M, Albuisson E, Meylheuc F, Bègue RJ, et.al. Can
Procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and
other kinds of inflammatory processes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:337–40.
64. Simon, Liliana, et al. "Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of
bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Clinical Infectious
Diseases 39.2 (2004): 206-217.
65. Meynaar, Iwan A., et al. "In critically ill patients, serum procalcitonin is more useful
in differentiating between sepsis and SIRS than CRP, Il-6, or LBP."Critical care
research and practice (2011).
66. John Alfred Carr. “Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy for septic patients in the
surgical intensive care unit”. Jurnal of Intensive Care (2015).
1. Angus, Derek C., Carlos A. Pires Pereira, and Eliezer Silva. "Epidemiology of severe
sepsis around the world." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets
(Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) 6.2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
(2006): 207-212.
Jonathan Cohen, The Immunopathogenesis of sepsis, nature 2012.
Dellinger R.P, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International
guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Critical care
medical 2012.
Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE: Bacteraemia prediction in emergency medical
admissions: role of C reactive protein. J Clin Pathol 2005, 58:352-356.
Mirjam Christ-Crain, Beat Müller, Procalcitonin in bacterial infections – hype,
hope, more or less?, SWISS MED WKLY 2005;135:451–460.
Deitch, E. A. Animal models of sepsis and shock: a review and lessons learned.
Shock 9, 1–11 (1998).
Fisher, C. J. et al. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor
receptor:Fc fusion protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1697–1702 (1996).
Zeni, F., Freeman, B. & Natanson, C. Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis
and septic shock: a reassessment. Crit. Care Med. 25, 1095–1100 (1997).
Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C. & Moldawer, L. L. Sepsis syndromes:
understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 16, 83–96 (2001).
Ertel, W. et al. Downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine release in whole
blood from septic patients. Blood 85, 1341–1347 (1995).
Docke, W. D. et al. Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-γ
treatment. Nature Med. 3, 678–681 (1997).
Hotchkiss, R. S. & Karl, I. E. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N.
Engl. J. Med. 348, 138–150 (2003).
Monneret, G. How to identify systemic sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Adv.
Sepsis 4, 42–49 (2005).
Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE, Freeman BD, . et al. Apoptotic cell death in patients
with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit. Care Med. 27, 1230–1251
(1999).
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Apoptosis in lymphoid and parenchymal cells during sepsis:
findings in normal and T- and B-cell-deficient mice. Crit. Care Med. 25, 1298–1307
(1997).
Chung, C. S., Xu, Y. X., Wang, W., Chaudry, I. H. & Ayala, A. Is Fas ligand or
endotoxin responsible for mucosal lymphocyte apoptosis in sepsis? Arch. Surg. 133,
1213–1220 (1998).
Hiramatsu, M., Hotchkiss, R. S., Karl, I. E. & Buchman, T. G. Cecal ligation and
puncture (CLP) induces apoptosis in thymus, spleen, lung, and gut by an endotoxin
and TNF-independent pathway. Shock 7, 247–253 (1997).
Kinloch, R. A., Treherne, J. M., Furness, L. M. & Hajimohamadreza, I. The
pharmacology of apoptosis. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 35–42 (1999).
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound
depletion of B and CD4 T lymphocytes in humans. J. Immunol. 166, 6952–6963
(2001)
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Depletion of dendritic cells, but not macrophages, in patients
with sepsis. J. Immunol. 168, 2493–2500 (2002).
Fearon, D. T. & Locksley, R. M. The instructive role of innate immunity in the
acquired immune response. Science 272, 50–53 (1996).
Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C. & Moldawer, L. L. Sepsis syndromes:
understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 16, 83–96 (2001).
Griffith, T. S., Yu, X., Herndon, J. M., Green, D. R. & Ferguson, T. A. CD95-
induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in an immune privileged site induces
immunological tolerance. Immunity 5, 7–16 (1996).
Voll, R. E. et al. Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 390, 350–
351 (1997).
Fadok, V. A. et al. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit
proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms
involving TGF-ß, PGE2, and PAF. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 890–898 (1998).
Green, D. R. & Beere, H. M. Gone but not forgotten. Nature 405, 28–29 (2000).
Albert, M. L. Death-defying immunity: do apoptotic cells influence antigen
processing and presentation? Nature Rev. Immunol. 4, 223–231 (2004).
Zahorec R. Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts – rapid and simple parameter
of systemic inflammation and stress in critically. Bratisl Med J 2001; 102: 5-14
29.
30.
31.
32.
Jilma B, Blann
A,
Pernerstorfer T, Stohlawetz
P, et al Regulation
of adhesion molecules during human endotoxemia. No acute effects of aspirin. AM J
Resp Crit Care Med 1999.
Le Tulzo, Y. et al. Early circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is
associated with poor outcome. Shock 18, 487–494 (2002).
Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the
death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. J. Immunol. 174, 5110–5118 (2005).
De Jager CP, van Wijk PT, Mathoera RB, de Jongh-Leuvenink J, van der Poll T,
Wever PC. Lymphocytopenia and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio predict
bacteremia better than conventional infection markers in an emergency care unit. Crit
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Care 2010; 14: R192
Holub N et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ration as biomarker of bacterial
infections. Cent Eur J Med 2011.
Purba D. Kadar PCT sebagai marker dan hubungannya dengan derajat keparahan
sepsis. Medan. USU press.2010.
Andreas et al. Sepsis syndromes : Understanding the role of innate and acquired
Immunity. Shock, 2001.
Khan Z.U et al. Management of sepsis: the surviving sepsis guidelines for early
therapy. Hospital Physician 2007;55:21-30.
Sclichting D et al. Recognizing and Managing severe sepsis: A common and deadly
threat. Southern Medical Journal 2007.
Loisa P. Anti-Inflammatory response in severe sepsis and septic shock. Doctoral
Dissertation University of Kuopio,2008.
Guntur A.H Sepsis. Dalam : buku ajar Ilmu penyakit dalam, jilid III, edisi V.
Interna Publishing, Jakarta, FK UI, 2009.
Bone R.C et al, Defenitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use
of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992;101;1644-55.
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al; SCCM/ ESICM/ACCP/ATS/ SIS: 2001
SCCM/ ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit
Care Med 2003; 31:1250–1256
Nasronudin. Imunopatogenesis sepsis dan prinsip penatalaksanaan. Dalam :
Penyakit Infeksi di Indonesia, solusi kini dan mendatang, Airlangga university Press,
2007: 28-45.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Greg S. Martin, M.D, David M. Mannino, M.D, Stephanie Eaton, The
epidemiology of sepsis in the nited states from 1979 through 2000. NEJM 2003
Suharto. Recent Advances in septic shock : pathogenesis and treatment. Dalam :
Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan XXII Ilmu penyakit dalam ,
FK Unair Surabaya 1987.
Russel J.A. Management of sepsis. The New England Journal of medicine 2006.
O’Brien J.M Ali N.A sepsis. The American Journal Of medicine 2007.
Nevire R. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Uptodate, 2009.
Abraham E, Wunderink R, Silverman H, Perl TM, Nasraway S, Levy H, Bone R,
Wenzel RP, Balk R, Allred R, et al. Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to
human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized,
controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNF-alpha MAb Sepsis Study
49.
50.
51.
Group. JAMA. 1995 Mar 22;273(12):934–941.
Norbury CJ, Hickson ID. Cellular responses to DNA damage. Annu Rev Pharmacol
Toxicol.2001;41:367–401.
Roy S, Bayly CI, Gareau Y, Houtzager VM, Kargman S, Keen SL, Rowland K,
Seiden IM, Thornberry NA and Nicholson DW. (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 98, 6132–6137.
Marsden V., O'Connor, L., O'Reilly, L.A., Silke, J., Metcalf, D., Ekert, P., Huang,
D.C.S., Cecconi, F., Kuida, K., Tomaselli, K.J., et al. 2002. Apoptosis initiated by
Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-
52.
53.
54.
55.
1/caspase-9 apoptosome. Nature 419: 634-637.
Yin XM, Wang K, Gross A, et al. Bid-deficient mice 98. are resistant to Fas-
induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Nature 1999;400:886-891.
Ljungstrom, L. R., G. Jacobsson, and R. Andersson. "Neutrophil-lymphocyte
count ratio as a biomarker of severe sepsis in Escherichia coli infections in
adults." Critical Care 17.2 (2013): 1-200.
Terradas, Roser, et al. "Eosinophil count and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio as
prognostic markers in patients with bacteremia: a retrospective cohort study." (2012):
e42860.
Becker KL, Nylen ES, White JC, Muller B, Snider RH, Jr. Clinical review 167:
Procalcitonin and the calcitonin gene family of peptides in inflammation, infection,
and sepsis: a journey from calcitonin back to its precursors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2004; 89:1512–25.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Serum procalcitonin and
C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:206–17
Christ-Crain, Mirjam, and Beat Muller. "Procalcitonin in bacterial infections-hype,
hope, more or less?." Swiss medical weekly 135.31/32 (2005): 451.
Taneja, Ravi, et al. "Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with
maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9
activity*." Critical care medicine 32.7 (2004): 1460-1469.
Holub, Michal, et al. "Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio as a biomarker of
bacterial infections." Open Medicine 7.2 (2012): 258-261.
60. Terence chan, Frank GU. Early Diagnosis of Sepsis Using Serum Biomarkers. Expert
Rev Mol Diagn. 2011;11(5):487-496
61. Meisner, Michael. "Update on procalcitonin measurements." Annals of laboratory
medicine 34.4 (2014): 263-273.
62. Annane, Djillali, Eric Bellissant, and Jean-Marc Cavaillon. "Septic shock." The
Lancet 365.9453 (2005): 63-78.
63. Delèvaux, André M, Colombier M, Albuisson E, Meylheuc F, Bègue RJ, et.al. Can
Procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and
other kinds of inflammatory processes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:337–40.
64. Simon, Liliana, et al. "Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of
bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Clinical Infectious
Diseases 39.2 (2004): 206-217.
65. Meynaar, Iwan A., et al. "In critically ill patients, serum procalcitonin is more useful
in differentiating between sepsis and SIRS than CRP, Il-6, or LBP."Critical care
research and practice (2011).
66. John Alfred Carr. “Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy for septic patients in the
surgical intensive care unit”. Jurnal of Intensive Care (2015).