22 introduce all extra-textual elements related to the context of the SLT and the
translation production p. 498. Based on the statement described, how well the students have solved their problems in translation is actually influenced much by
the two categories. Students cannot translate the SLT into TLT just the way they like it since it would affect the result of translation product, whether the
translation is acceptable and natural enough for the directed readers. Therefore, translating needs some specific strategies and methods. The strategies are how the
students carefully see the text through textual and contextual categories, and how the students make use of the methods based on the strategies afterwards.
In this part of the chapter, the researcher try to describe specific ways to translate SLT into TLT which are considered as methods of translation. Literal
and non-literal translation are the two focuses to be highlighted. The Literal translation is divided into two topics to discuss, there are word for word
translation and literal translation. Meanwhile, the non-literal translation is described into one topic, that is semantic translation.
a. Word for Word Translation
Newmark 1988 explains that this method of translation is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the target language is immediately
below the source language p. 45. What is meant by interlinear is that supposed there two sentences written down lined up, the above sentence is the source
language sentence, and below is the target language sentence. Usually a translator who performs this kind of translation method would likely put the meaning of
every single word of the source language sentence down below.
23 Example:
SLT : Look, little guy, you all should not be doing that.
TLT : Lihat, kecil anak, kamu semua harus tidak melakukan itu.
According to Ghazala 1995, “this method regards translation to be a translation of individual words” p. 5. The arrangement of the TLT is perfectly
the same as the one SLT. The translators translate the sentence word by word, general meanings are prioritized, meanwhile the context is not taken into account.
Ghazala 1995 adds that the whole concentration of this translaton method is on the source language, whereas the target language should follow, imitate, and
mirror it blindly, perfectly and precisely, neither more nor less p. 5.
b. Literal Translation
Newmark 1988 explains that a literal translation is when the SLT grammatical constructions are converted to the nearest TLT equivalents, but the
lexical words are again translated singly, out of context p. 46. This translation method is almost similar to the previous one, word for word translation. In the
process of translating, the translators are trying to identify the grammatical construction of the SLT which is similar to the TLT. At the first time, translating
the SLT by using a word for word translation method is initial action to do, but then the translators adjust the construction of the SLT grammar with the TLT
grammar. This type of translation method is actually described as translating between
using word for word translation method and free method. However, the result of the translation still remains out of context of the meaning. According to Ghazala
24 1995, this method of translation means to translate each source language word or
phrase into an identical word or phrase in the target language, with the same number, grammatical class, and type of language p. 6.
Example : a. SLT
: Look, little guy, you all should not be doing that. TLT
: Lihat, anak kecil, kamu seharusnya tidak berbuat seperti itu. b. SLT
: His position is in the right place. TLT
: Posisinya berada di tempat yang benar. Ghazala 1995 adds that the process of translating using this method is
like a noun is translated into a noun, two nouns into two nouns, one adjective into one adjective, two into two, and so on and so forth p. 6.
c. Semantic Translation
