22 students‟ needs. Therefore, in order to provide the best learning materials that fit
the students‟ needs, teachers need to know the criteria of good learning materials. The following explanation mentions the requirements of learning materials to be
considered as good materials, especially for vocational high schools students.
b. Crite ria of Good Learning Materials for Students of Hotel Management Department
In order to be able to develop materials appropriate to vocational high school students, especially students of Hotel Management department, some
modifications regarding the requirements of good learning materials are made. Based on the characteristics of good language instructional materials proposed by
Tomlinson 1998, the modifications of criteria of good learning materials for students of Hotel Management department are:
1 Materials should achieve impact in terms of learning needs and target needs
especially of students of Hotel Management department. 2
Materials should help learners feel at ease. 3
Materials should help learners develop confidence as if they do jobs in a hotel in real situation.
4 What is being taught should be perceived by learners as relevant and useful
for the hotel jobs they will do. 5
Materials should require and facilitate learner self-investment. 6
Materials should prepare learners to acquire the points of being taught. 7
Materials should expose the learners to language in authentic use, especially ones related to the hotel situation.
8 The learners‟ attention should be drawn to linguistic features of the input.
9 Materials should provide the learners with opportunities to use the language
and terms especially used in hotels to achieve communication purposes in both oral and written.
10 Materials should take into account that the positive effects of instruction are
usually delayed. 11
Materials should take into account that learners have different learning styles. 12
Materials should take into account that learners have differ in affective attitudes.
13 Materials should permit a silent period at the beginning of the instruction for
the learners need to concentrate before doing the tasks.
23 14
Materials should maximize learning potential by encouraging intellectual, aesthetic, and emotional involvement that stimu lates both right and left brain
activities. 15
Materials should not rely too much on controlled practice. 16
Materials should provide opportunities for outcome feedback. The criteria of good learning materials above can become one of the
references for teachers or materials developers in developing materials, especially for Hotel Management department students of vocational high school. It can be
the basis in evaluating the materials that have been developed as well. Therefore, teachers or materials developers should put a lot of attention to this as they are in
the process of developing materials so that the learners could have proper learning materials to learn.
4. Materials Development
Materials development is defined as anything which is done by the writers, teachers, or learners to provide sources of language input and to exploit those
sources in ways which maximize the likelihood of intake Tomlinson, 1998. In line with it, Graves 2000: 149 states that materials deve lopment is the planning
process by which a teacher creates units and lessons within those units to carry out the goals and the objectives of the course.
In an ESP-based class, materials are particularly useful since it plays an important role of exposing learners to the language in use. Materials writing in
ESP has become one of the most characteristic features of ESP Hutchinson and Waters, 1987. Its main purpose is to provide learning materials appropriate to
specific subjects of particular learners. Therefore, learning materials in ESP should be developed based on the learners‟ needs.
24 Materials development itself has given useful assistance for teachers and
learners in attaining the goal and objectives of a specific purpose. Thus, the process of developing materials should be well organized in order to generate the
expected learning outcome. According to Jolly and Bolitho 1998: 98 in Tomlinson 1998, developing materials consists of several steps as illustrated as
following:
Figure 2: Jolly and Bolitho’s Materials Development Process 1998: 98 in
Tomlinson 1998
The model of materials development process consists of seven steps. It starts with the needs analysis for the first four steps can be categorized into needs
analysis. It is used as the instrument to collect information about the learners and the results will be the basis on developing the materials. After the materials have
been developed, the materials are then evaluated by some experts.
