Assistance expected by residents

65 Mangunharjo Village Mangunharjo residents both male and female groups are willing to be resettled if the disaster is severe, and there is no other alternative where the existing conditions require them to move and switch jobs for their own safety. But beforehand, residents will still try to stay unless the condition is as described previously. In addition, residents still make various considerations, especially related to housing housing not refugee camps, as well as decent jobs in accordance with the residents’ capabilities. However, if they could choose, male residents as breadwinners are more interested in switching professions than being resettled to plateaus due to their different customs and their inability to adapt to conditions in the plateau. Mangunharjo residents, both female and male groups are willing to attend a training program and community empowerment implemented by the government. The form of training to be taught is training in developing residents’ skills used for making livelihoods. Examples of trainings for women groups are sewing, processing fishpond and sea products making crackers, shrimp paste, nuggets, and others. While the desired trainings for male groups in Mangunharjo are crop cultivation and fishpond culture trainings. The Mangunharjo womens groups will follow the training programs if they get permission from their husbands. There is slight difference in forms of assistance expected by each group in Mangunharjo. The main assistance expected by the men is infrastructure improvements such as repairing roads damaged by floods, because the main road is the main access to all daily activities such as work, education and other activities. Also repairing Beringin River dike that was damaged during the flood and the height of the dike as an effort to anticipate another flood. While the main forms of assistance expected by womens groups are daily necessities such as groceries the nine basic needs, clothing, shelter, and medicine. Also assistance in the form of infrastructure improvements both roads and bridges. These differences occur because women are identical to daily needs. Tanjungmas Village Suppose there is a huge disaster and the government suggested that the residents should be relocated, the male residents are willing to move considering that they are given proper housing. Meanwhile, to change jobs, fishermen are not willing to do so as it is related to their skills. Despite the training given by government to increase their skills, the fishermen are still unwilling to change the type of job considering the length of time to learn. In addition, if they recall past experience, by changing jobs they obtain smaller income, and the work system should be according to the rules that is unlike the usual work system done by the fishermen. As for the women, they are willing to be relocated, change type of livelihoods, as well as follow training programs and community empowerment. However, this is sill based on their husbands’ approval. Form of assistance expected by Tanjungmas residents is in the form of infrastructure improvements to support returning their daily life activities, and basic needs such as groceries and medicine. 66 Tandang Village The residents’ desire in Tandang village is relatively similar to those of Mangunharjo residents’. Tandang residents, both men and women, are willing to be resettled if the disaster is severe and highly required for their safety. Should the government conduct training and empowerment programs, residents in general are willing to follow the program. Form of training desired to be taught is residents’ skills development training that can be used as a source of livelihood. Forms of assistance that are expected by male and female residents of Tandang village if there is disaster are in the form of basic commodities, medicines, clothing, and shelter. Residents believe that those are the forms of assistance majorly needed by residents during disasters. After that infrastructure improvement consisting of roads, bridges, improvement. Besides that, residents also expect assistance in the form of jobs. Residents admitted that their current job is uncertain, because in general their current jobs are unfixed. Rowosari Village Compared to the three previous villages, related to residents’ expectations of government’s aid if there is severe disaster in the future, Rowosari residents gave different answers. From the discussion, residents said should there be any government programs regarding relocation or job change, they chose to stay and were reluctant to join the program. One resident said that: “......the program conducted by the government are only promisies, sometimes in reality it is not implemented”. Therefore, residents never rely on government officials or the agriculture services to find solution for problems that they face during disaster. Most people thought that the government is not quick enough to respond to their problems. In some cases, during the emergence of pests attacking residents’ crops, the agriculture services came after the pests have been bothering the crops for sometime. And they did not provide a satisfactory solution. According to residents, all the officials did were just observing it. ”......they took pictures of the crops and never returned....” This is the expression that came from a resident responding to the role of agricultural services. Residents also tend to show a sense of apathy if they have to expect that the government will be able to bring changes in their agricultural activities. In addition to their past experience, residents also consider that the natural conditions that happen is a destiny from Allah SWT, so it is impossible for the government to handle it. 67

4.3.7 Identification of adaptation activities from the government that

have been implemented by the community Summary of government activities and the response from the public to activities of non-structural is presented in Table 4.19. Table 4.19:. Government activities in improving disaster-handling capacity that is non-structural and community response No Government activities Community response 1 Socialization to the residents to know and care about their neighborhood before the coming of rainy season Clean up the environment, clean drains sewers, clean up disposal garbage 2 Prohibit miningdredging and construction of settlements in areas of steep hills, in conservation area for green line and in areas prone to disasters There are still residents who build houses in steep hill areas because of economic reason 3 Give early warning to residents especially those who live in slope areas and areas prone to disasters so that they be more cautious towards the possibility of disaster Early warning given is not yet effective 4 Urge citizens to maintain the cleanliness of environment and river by doing community service Work in mutual cooperation to clean up drainsrivers 5 Maintain drainage channels in Semarang Carried out 6 Normalize rivers that may cause floods Yet effective 7 Prepare Disaster Handling Command Post for 24 hours Disaster Handling Command Post is not yet effective 68

Chapter 5 VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTIVE

CAPACITY MAPPING

5.1 Methodology for Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity

Mapping For defining capacity and vulnerability indices, we used 2005 socio-economic survey data by ‘kelurahan’ villages from National Bureau of Statistics BPS while for some of biophysical data were obtained from related sector or generated based on satellite interpretation with GIS techniques Table 5.1. All the data were weighted according to their relative importance in shaping vulnerability V and capacity C to adapt. Table 5.1:..Indicators used for defining Vulnerability and Capacity and the corresponding weights A Capacity Weights B Vulnerability Weights A1 Electricity Facility 0.05 B1 Number of household living in River Bank 0.05 A2 Working People based on Education Background 0.30 B2 Number of Building in River Bank 0.05 A21 Nursery –Junior High School 0.30 B3 Drinking Water 0.20 A24 Senior High SchoolUniv. 0.70 B31 Good 0.10 A3 Main Source of Income 0.30 B32 Medium 0.20 A4 Health facility 0.10 B33 Bad 0.30 A41 Puskesmas 0.20 B34 No-service 0.40 A42 Polyclinic 0.30 B4 Population density 0.10 A43 Posyandu 0.20 B5 Poverty 0.20 A44 Midwifes Clinic 0.10 B6 Fraction of Coastal 0.10 A45 Med. Doctor Clinic 0.20 B7 Fraction of River 0.10 A5 Road Infrastructure 0.25 B8 Non-Green Open Area 0.20 Note: In term of facility, Polyclinic is better than Puskesmas as it is managed and operated by Private company, but the cost of health services is much higher than the government’s one Puskesmas. Data obtained from the Semarang Drinking Water State Company PDAM Office and divide by population. Data were generated from Satellite and topographic map. To measure relative position of Kelurahan in term of their vulnerability and capacity to adapt, we develop capacity CI and vulnerability indices VI. The Capacity Index CI is developed using five main indicators A1, …, A5. Indicator A1 is percentage of household in the village that uses electricity facility which represents the level of wealth of communities of the villages. Indicator A2 is education which may represent the capacity of community in the villages in managing the risk. The higher the education is the better their capacity in managing the risk is. This indicator consists of two sub-indicators namely number of working people with education background of Nursery up to junior high schools and that with Senior High