81 Figure 6.6:Composite Climate Hazard Index of Semarang City
A D Climate Hazard Baseline, B Climate Hazard A2 2025, C Climate Hazard A2 2050, E Climate Hazard B1 2025, F Climate Hazard B1 2050. Note:
Green 2.0, Yellow 2.0-3.5, Red 3.5 Classification of Kelurahan based on the level of exposure to climate risks is shown
in Figure 6.8. It shows that there are no Kelurahan with Very High VH Climate Risk Category at present baseline conditions. The highest category is only Medium
to High M-H. There are about 15 Kelurahans 8 with M-H risk category. These include Bandaharjo, Bangetayu Kulon, Bubakan, Gunungpati, Kudu, Mangkang
Kulon, Mangkang Wetan, Mangunharjo, Mangunsari, Ngadirgo, Penggaron Lor, Podorejo, Tanjungmas, Tanjungmas, Tugurejo, amd Wonoplumbon. The remaining
are 63 Kelurahans 36 as M Medium risk, 47 Kelurahan 27 as L-M Low to Medium risk, 6 Kelurahans 3 as L Low risk and 46 Kelurahans as VL Very
Low risk. In the future 2025 and 2050, more Kelurahans will be exposed to higher climate risk, particularly under scenario SRESA2 Figure 5. There would be two
Kelurahans would move from M-H to High climate risk category, namely Mangunharjo Village at Tugu Sub-District and Mangunharjo Village at Tembalang
Sub-District. While many of Kelurahans with L-M risk category would move to Medium risk category Figure 6.7.
C B
A
D E
F
82 Figure 6.7:. Number of Kelurahan by climate risk index category
The above analysis demonstrated that how change in socio-economic and biophysical conditions will change coping capacity of the Kelurahans. Adaptation
programs should be prioritized in Kelurahan with high vulnerability index and low capacity index and being exposed or potentially exposed to high climate hazard
index. To reduce the level of risk of Kelurahan to the impact of climate change, the infrastructure and community development programs should be directed to improve
socio-economic and biophysical indicators shaping the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the Kelurahans.
84 Figure 6.8:Classification of Kelurahan based on their level of their exposure to climate risk
A D Climate risk baseline, B Climate risk A2 2025, C Climate risk A2 2050, E Climate risk B1 2025, F Climate risk B1 2050 C
B A
D E
F
85
Chapter 7 GOVERNANCE AND
INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
Governance and institutional analysis consists of three main analysis including the stakeholder analysis, assessment of effectiveness of current initiatives and programs
short and long term cope with future climate risks and assessment of local government capacity and institutional to integrate climate change into development
planning.
7.1 Roles of Stakeholders and Existing Programs in Delivery and
Management of Key Climate-Affected Sectors
Stakeholder mapping and analysis conducts through some steps as follow: i to identify stakeholder that has both direct and indirect relationship with climate change
sector, ii to analyse roles, responsibility and contribution of each stakeholders to climate change, iii to map stakeholder interest and strength in providing and
managing sectors that related to climate change.er
Stakeholder can be classified into several categories namely: central government line ministrydepartment and non-departmental government institution, provincial
government, citydistrict government, private sector, non-government organisation NGO, university, multilateralbilateral organization, community based organisation
CBO, association, etc. Stakeholder can also be classified based on its scopeposition, which are internal stakeholders from inside Semarang City such as
local government, NGO’s, local universities, private sector etc and external stakeholders from outside the city such as central government, provincial
government, international donor agencies, etc.
All of stakeholder has role to improve environment condition as well as strengthening community to anticipate the climate change hazard. City of Semarang
is among Indonesian city that potentially affected by the climate change. Currently the city is facing serious problems on flood and robs as well as water and sanitation.
Table 7.1 shows stakeholders that related to flood and rob as well as water and sanitation in city of Semarang.
7.1.1 Role of stakeholder in flood and rob management
Semarang faces serious problems in flood and robs. Some programs have been conducted to address the issues, but the problems remain and negatively impact the
city. Central government through Directorate General of Water Resources is managing 6 rivers in central java, while Directorate General of Human Settlements
of Public Work Department is managing housing, drainage and sanitation in order control flood and robs in Central Java, including City of Semarang.
Beside from central government, international donors and foreign countries also contribute to address flood and robs problems in the city. For instance, the
government of Japan through JICA is implementing megaproject for flood management at Goa Kreo. The budget for this project reached IDR 1.7 trillions. It is
expected that the project will complete in 2013 and solve flood and robs problems at
86 seven sub-districts at Central Semarang. In other project, the government of
Netherland through Hoogheemraadschap van Sceieland en de Krimpenerwaard HHSK is constructing Banger Pilot Polder. The polder is expected to control the
water from the sea so it will minimize the robs problems that often hit the coastal area of Semarang.
Central Java Provincial Government as a vertical institution has an important role to coordinate and facilitate regional partnership among cities in Central Java to manage
flood as well as to give assistance through provincial budget.
While the Government of Semarang City, as the main actor of flood and robs control in the city, has a big role to manage and solve the problems that frequently attack the
city. Fire and Disaster agency is among the agency that has roles to manage the problem.
Beside the government, non government organization such like private sector, non governmental organization and community organization also significantly contribute
to reduce the flood and robs impacts. Table 7.1:. Stakeholders that related to Floodrob and water-sanitation
Stakeholders Sector related to climate change
Flood and Rob Water and
Sanitation Central Government
• Directorate General of Water Resources
V •
Directorate General Human Settlements V
• Vertical Unit of River Management Pamali Juwana
V
Internasional Donor
• Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA
V •
Government of Netherland V
• GTZ
V
Central Java Provincial Government
• Local Planning Board
V V
• Environment Board
V V
• Disaster Management Board
V •
Health Agency V
• Spatial Planning and Human Settlements Agency
V •
Water Management Agency V
City of Semarang
Local Planning Board V
V Environment Board
V V
Health Agency V
Water Management and Energy and Mineral Agency V
Fire and Disaster Agency V
Non Government Agency
Bintari Foundation V
University
University of Sugiyapranata V
V University of Diponegoro
V V
87
7.1.2 Role of stakeholder in water and sanitation
Access to clean water and sanitation is main foundation for healthy and welfare community. Unfortunately, many areas still face the problem to fulfill the need of
healthy water and sanitation. City of Semarang is among the city that lack of access to water and sanitation. According to Central Java working group of water,
Department of Public Work, in 2004 Local Government water enterprises so called PDAM, Tirta Moedal, only able to serve 46 of the community. But the recent data
shows that it increases significantly into 58 in 2008. However, this number also indicates that about 42 of the communities still do not have access to drinking
water from PDAM.
Similar condition also found in sanitation sector. In general, sanitation coverage of city of Semarang reachs 93.27 Percik Magazine, 2008. This number is very good.
But, this number also indicates that few people still face problem in sanitation. It is noted that about 10 of community who live at slump area and consider as poor
people in 16 villages have problems with sanitation. About half of them live in poor sanitation facility such as not having own toilet and highly depend on public facility
without waste management system.
Although water and sanitation are not only local government responsibility, but as the main stakeholder in development practice, local government has important role to
improve water and sanitation service. However, until now, local government still does not have master plan about water and sanitation. But, in 2010, through
community sanitation program Sanimas, local government will develop master plan of water and sanitation in order to increase and broader the coverage of water and
sanitation in the city.
7.1.3 Stakeholder analysis
The purpose of stakeholder analysis is to identify roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder in climate change sector. It also identifies stakeholder potential
contribution to manage climate change sector Table 7.2. Table 7.2:Stakeholder Roles and Contributions for Climate Change
Stakeholders Roles, Task and Responsibility
Potential Contribution to manage Climate Change
Sector Central Government
Directorate General of Water Resources
Formulating and implementing policy and
technical standard on water resources through: formulating
technical policy, programming and budgeting, policy
implementation, water resources management,
supervision and technical assistance, investment pattern
and financing system Formulating national
policy and strategy on water resources and flood
management.
Coordinating and facilitating assistance and
partnership on flood management.
Providing technical assistance on flood
management through
