Flora and Vegetation Survey Important Bird Areas

10 Field et al., 1990; Jensen et al., 1992; Lunette and Balogh, 1999 Lyon, 2005, emphasized that of the wetland ecosystems and the exposure of stressors on wetlands or adjacent ecosystems can best be met by an analysis of multiple sources of remote and in situ sensor data, GIS Databases, and models of wetland and water resource characteristics. Monitoring experiments require good quality data for initialization of the system and real-time delivery of data.

2.7 Spatial Data Analysis and Spatial modeling

Spatial data analytical techniques and spatial models can perform functions which, in the main, current GIS lack, but which are important for the sorts of question that decision makers in private and public organizations are interested in. Manfred M. Fischer et al. 1996. A model is an abstraction or simplification of reality Odum 1975; Jeffers 1978; Duerr et al. 1979. When models are applied to the environment, it is anticipated that insights about the physical, biological or socio-economic system may be derived. Models may also allow prediction and simulation of future conditions, both in space and in time. The reason to build models is to understand, and ultimately manage, a sustainable system.

2.8 Previous Study

There are several study was done previously during preparation proposed national park that used as referenced for this research. Those are such as Vegetation and Flora Survey Northern Territory Herbarium, Preliminary Inventory the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Important Birds Areas Colin Trainor and Fataluku Forest Tenure Andrew Mc William.

2.8.1 Flora and Vegetation Survey

In 2006, a survey of flora and vegetation for the proposed national park was conducted during the preparation of declaration of Nino Konis Santana National Park, in cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Timor- Leste, Birdlife International and Northern Territory Herbarium. Approximately 730 plant species are recorded for the proposed Jaco–Tutuala–Lore National Park 11 with 391 taxa 54 presently identified to species level. Three IUCN Red List Species for Timor-Leste Indonesia were recorded in the Park Intsia bijuga, Pterocarpus indicus, Santalum album. Additional species that may be threatened include Antiaris toxicaria, Neoalsomitra podagrica, Carallia brachiata and Eleocharis geniculata. The area also contains significant populations of Cycas rumphii a taxon listed by IUCN as Near Threatened Cowie, 2006. In the previous year, a preliminary survey also carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture. Survey were conducted using tracking method at several point such as in Jaco Island 3 tracks, Paitchao Mountain Range 8 tracks and Lore Reserve 4 tracks. Data that were recorded is the occurrence of tree species along tracking line and surrounding approximately 200 meters on left and right. Statistical processes of this survey have indicated the distribution of four IUCN species within proposed national park. Intsia bijuga, Pterocarpus indicus, Anthiaris toxicaria and Elaeocarpus arnhemicus dominantly found in Paitchao Mountain Range Forest and Tutuala beach and adjacent forests Santana F, 2005 unpublished report.

2.8.2 Important Bird Areas

Three important bird areas are existed within national park area. They are such as TL06 Lore, TL07 Mount Paitchao and Lake Iralalaro and TL08 Jaco Island. TL06 Lore is located about 40 km south of Lospalos. Twenty-four restricted-range species have been recorded, including the Endangered Timor Green-pigeon, and the Critically Endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo also occurs there FAOUNDP 1982, Ora 2000, Trainor et al. 2004. TL07 Mount Paitchao and Lake Iralalaro located 22 km to Malahara from Lospalos. Twenty-four restricted-range species have been recorded in this IBA, including the Endangered Timor-Pigeon, and the Critically Endangered Yellow- crested Cockatoo occurs. TL08 Jaco Island is a small island dominated by tropical dry deciduous forests, coastal strand vegetation, beaches and rock platforms in the far east of Timor-Leste. According to Thompson et al. 1974, Trainor et al. 2004 in Trainor et al. 2007, eight restricted-range species have been recorded in this IBA. 12

2.8.3 Fataluku Forests Tenure