4 5.
FSC Toolkit Landscape Level in considering to Timor-Leste Forestry Law Draft used to carried out a preliminary assessment the occurrence of high
conservation values areas and delineated the priorities conservation areas
1.5 Outputs
Product of this research is a Biosphere Reserves BRs Zonation Map, which is designed as functions of ecological, bio-physics and socio-economic
variables. Several related map also produced in first stage in data preparation. These are such as land cover map, terrain model map, IUCN protected species
map and Socio-economic pattern map. Zones established expected to be greatly facilitate planning, thoughtful development, ecosystem preservation activities
within given location through the determination of the protected area boundaries. The end of analysis has provided management needs for each zone based on
actual condition of ecological factors within each conservation areas that formed the zones. Zonation map that produced, it might be also useful as draft for
community consultation and consensus in order to establish zones boundary perimeters and demarcation.
5
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ecosystem
An ecosystem or ecological system as a basic to the conservation of natural resources, its sustain life on biosphere, provided ecological services
through cleaning up and absorption of pollution, protecting coastline, supplying wildness food from fish to bush meat, conserving genetic resources for crops,
maintain soil and hydrology, these are only a few kinds of ecosystems function that existed. Its play crucial roles on human survive and prosperity, forest
stimulates local rainfall and prevents erosion and soil loss, coral reef and mangrove protected coast from abrasion and guard sea level rise.
Busby in Skidmore, 2003 emphasized that Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD, specifies the ecosystems as a dynamic complex of
plant, animal, and microorganism communities and their living and non living environment interacting as a functional unit. Moreover, for the convention uses on
conservation biological diversity purposes state that biological diversity means the variability among living organism from all sources including, inter alia terrestrial,
marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
Horizon and Peace 2001 underlined three major ecosystems types, those are; i Forest Ecosystems, ii Freshwater Ecosystems and iii Marine Ecosystems.
Forest is the largest planet reservoir of biological diversity, containing an estimated half of whole the world’s plant and animal species. Furthermore, they
emphasized that forest ecosystems also play crucial and vital role in maintaining ecological services such as the water and carbon cycles, by storing carbon,
conserving soils, and generating rainfall. In the freshwater ecosystems, wetland is transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic system, where the water table is
usually at or near surface or the lands is covered by shallow water Turner, 1998 in Winpenny, 1991. Wetland can be a permanent or temporary or seasonal with
static or flowing water which may fresh, brackish or salt. RAMSAR Convention underlined that wetlands area are swamp forest, brackish, peat areas, or other
6 natural and or human made water bodies that are flooded with fresh brackish or
salt water including marine waters whose depth is not more than six meter during low tide and are located within wetlands. Commonly know that two types of
wetlands, natural and artificial. Natural wetlands consist of mangrove, peat swamp, freshwater swamp, sea-grass, coral reefs and lakes, while artificial
wetlands are paddy field, fishpond and freshwater pond.
2.2 National Park
