8 have damaged wetlands by damming and canalizing rivers, converting floodplains
to aquaculture, planting trees on bogs area that must be prevented from progressing, draining marshes for agriculture, forestry and urban development
instead leaved it as originate for waterlogged area. Historically, agricultural activities has taken places as one of the most caused of damaged on wetlands
including traditional wet pastures, drained to provided croplands.
2.4 Biosphere Reserve Concept
Biosphere reserve concept and its applications are described in a statutory framework know as Seville Strategy. A comparison of some key principles of the
ecosystem approach and the Seville Strategy provided some evidence of the corresponding objectives between ecosystem approach and biosphere reserve.
Table 1 Ecosystem Approach and Biosphere Reserve Concept
Source: Man and Biosphere, 2002. Ecosystems Approach
Biosphere Reserve The objectives of management of land, water, and
living resources are a matter of societal choice All local authorities have to be consulted and
approve the nomination; the management of a biosphere reserve should be promoted as a part with
society as a whole
Management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level
Support and involvement of local people has to be secured for the definition and implementation of
management policy.
Ecosystems must be managed within the limits of their functioning
Biosphere resources should be extended to take into account fragmented habitats, threatened ecosystems
and vulnerable environments.
The ecosystems approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of
conservation and use of biological diversity Biosphere reserve constitute a tools for the
conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components
The ecosystems approach should consider all forms of relevant information, including scientific and
indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices
Information should flow freely among all concerned; the role of traditional knowledge in
sustainable development should be recognized and encouraged
The ecosystems approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines
All interested groups should be brought together in a partnership approach to biosphere reserves
9
2.5 Biological Indicator
Biological indicators are species used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem. They are any biological species or group of species
whose function, population, or status can be used to determine ecosystem or environmental integrity. An example of such a group is the copepods and other
small water crustaceans present in many water bodies. Such organisms are monitored for changes biochemical, physiological, or behavioral that may
indicate a problem within their ecosystem. Bioindicator can tell us about the cumulative effects of different pollutants in the ecosystem and about how long a
problem may have been present, which physical and chemical testing cannot http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiBioindicator.
Bird’s data point that recorded during 2003-2004 in Timor-Leste by Colin Trainor including those that recording within national park could be used also as
indicator of the ecosystem that existed. Information on each GPS points are included the habitat types such as forests and woodland, river estuary, beach and
lake. This task carried out by using Spatial Analysis to maps the distribution of those species.
2.6 Imagery Interpretations
