Rate of changing temperature

Figure 43. The responses to temperature in a hypothetical organism. Wharton, 2002.

5. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Summary

From the experimental results of this study, 100 not responding organism at upper thermal limit experiment hourly increase for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata, and Fromia milleporella was 36.5 C and 37 C, 37.2 C, 40.5 C, and 35.8 C and 35.0 C respectively; at upper thermal limit daily increase for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, and Fromia milleporella was 35.0 C, 34.0 C, and 33.0 C respectively; at lower thermal limit hourly decrease for Ophiomastix annulosa was 12.8 C; at lower salinity limit hourly decrease for Ophiomastix annulosa and Ophiocoma cf. dentata was 20.5 and 13. The thermal window for Ophiomastix annulosa hourly experiment was between 12.8-37.0 C. The conclusion from the result are 1 it could be seen that intertidal species had wider range of temperature and salinity limit on hourly increase temperature and hourly decrease salinity; 2 it could be assumed that these ophiuroids and asteroids species could acclimatize and survive to more rapid changing environment than slow changing environment; as long as the oxygen is available in sufficient amount. To conclude these experiments, the thermal limit for each species varies from each other, depending on where they live intertidal or subtidal; polar, temperate, or tropics. The thermal limit for each experiment and each species was also different, depending on the rate of temperature change. The longer the experiment the organisms exposed to stress, the survival limit was lower.

5.2. Suggestion

There are still lots of open question regarding environmental stress factors that might affect marine organisms with respect to global climate change or sudden environmental changes. This study still need further study to answer more questions. For example, a upper and lower thermal limit in slower rate of changing, e.g. weekly, monthly so the thermal window can be observed on a longer term; b upper and lower salinity limit in short or medium rate of changing so that the salinity window can be observed. In nature there are many factors affecting organisms complex factors. Combined factors natural stress factors can be tested to see or identify what might happen to organisms in response to multiple stress factors e.g. temperature and salinity. REFERENCES Arafat, D. November 27 th 2011. Personal communication about arranging to buy and bring the seawater to lab. Barnes, R. D. 1966. Invertebrate Zoology. W. B. Saunders Company. 524-581 pp. Barnes, D. K. A, L. S. Peck, and S. A. Morley. 2010. Ecological relevance of laboratory determined temperature limits: colonization potential, biogeography and resilience of Antarctic invertebrates to environmental change. Global Change Biology,

16: 3164-3169.

Castro, P. and M. E. Huber. 2007. Marine Biology, Seventh Edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education. 220 pp; 283-301 pp. Clark, A. M and F. W. E. Rowe. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum Natural History, London. Eckert, R., D. Randall, and G. Augustine. 1988. Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations, Third Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. 568-572 pp. Erhardt, H. and H. Moosleitner. 1998. Marine Atlas 3: Invertebrates. Mergus: Publishers of Natural History and Pet Books, Hans. A Baensch, Melle, Germany. 930-1037 pp. Florkin, M. and B.T. Scheer. 1969. Chemical Zoology, Volume III. Academic Press, New York and London. 71-100 pp. Hendler, G., M. J. Grygier, E. Maldonado, and J. Denton. 1999. Babysitting brittle stars: heterospecific symbiosis between ophiuroids Echinodermata. Invertebrate Biology,

1182: 190-201. American Microscopical Society, Inc.

Hyman, L. H. 1955. The Invertebrates: Echinodermata, The Coelomate Bilateria, Volume IV. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 245-413 pp; 589-689 pp. Lovejoy, T. E. and L. Hannah editor. 2005. Climate Change and Biodiversity. Yale University, New Haven and London. Morley, S. A., K. S. Tan, R. W. Day, S. M. Martin, H. O. Pörtner, and L. S. Peck. 2009. Thermal dependency of burrowing in three species within the bivalve genus Laternula: a latitudinal comparison. Marine Biology,

156: 1977-1984.

Nguyen, K. D. T, S. A. Morley, C. H. Lai, M. S. Clark, K. S. Tan, A. E. Bates, and L. S. Peck. 2011. Upper temperature limits of tropical marine ectotherms: Global warming implications. Plos One,

612: 1-8.

Nielsen, K. S. 1990. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, Fourth Edition. Cambridge University Press. 217-236 pp. Peck, L. S., K. E. Webb, A. Miller, M. S. Clark, and T. Hill. 2008. Temperature limits to activity, feeding, and metabolism in the Antarctic starfish Odontaster validus. Marine Ecology Progress Series,

358: 181-189.

Peck, L. S., M. S. Clark, S. A. Morley, A. Massey, and H. Rossetti. 2009a. Animal temperature limits and ecological relevance effects of size, activity, and rates of change. British Ecological Society,

23: 248-256.

Peck, L. S., A. Massey, M. A. S. Thorne, M. S. Clark. 2009b. Lack of acclimation in Ophionotus victoriae: Brittle stars are not fish. Polar Biology

32: 399-402.

Peck, L. S., S. A. Morley, and M. S. Clark. 2010. Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Marine Biology,

157: 2051-2059.

Pisano, J. 2004. Chocolate Chip Starfish. www.edge-of-reef.comasteroidi ASTProtoreaster nodosusen.htm accessed on 28 September 2005. Prosser, C. L. 1991. Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology: Comparative Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition. Wiley-Liss. 109-155 pp. Ruppert, E. E. and R. D. Barnes. 1994. Invertebrate Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. 920-995 pp. Stewart, R. H. 2008. Introduction to Physical Oceanography. 73-80 pp. Tewksbury, J. J., R. B. Huey, and C. A. Deutsch. 2008. Putting the heat on tropical animals. Science Magazine, 320: 1296-1297. Wharton, D. A. 2002. Life at the Limits: Organisms In Extreme Environments. Cambridge University Press. 1-26 pp.