Intertidal Subtidal LITERATURE REVIEW

Table 1. Materials that were used in this study continued. Materials Brand Type Specification Functions Thermometer Blue Gizmo BG43A electronic or digital thermometer  -4 C to 60 C  40 F to 140 F Measure temperature Standard manual thermometer 11 C -10 C to 110 C Digital balance IKEA Ordning  Max. 3000 g; d = 1 g  Max. 6 lbs 9 oz; d = ¼ oz Measure weight “Lucky” pocket scale  Digital scale  Capacity: 200 g x 0.01 g Calliper  15 cm max.  0.05 cm accuracy  6 inches max.  1128 inches accuracy Mesure length or diameter Heater adjustable temperature MP Heater micro Processor  With temperature setting  Company: Aquatic Nature  300 W  220-240 V  50-60 Hz  20-35 C Heating the seawater on separate tank plastic tank for water exchange in experiment tank. Ammonia Aquarium Test Strips API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals  For fresh and saltwater aquarium  Ammonia ppm mgL: 0 – 0.5 – 1.0 – 3.0 – 6.0 Measure ammonia pH Aquarium Test Strips API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals  For fresh and saltwater aquarium  PH freshwater: 6.0 – 6.5 – 7.0 – 7.5 – 8.0 – 8.5 – 9.0  PH saltwater: 6.0 – 6.5 – 7.0 – 7.5 – 8.0 – 8.5 – 9.0 Measure pH Table 1. Materials that were used in this study continued. Materials Brand Type Specification Functions Nitrite and Nitrate Aquarium Test Strips API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals  For fresh and saltwater aquarium  Nitrite NO 2 - : 0 – 0.5 – 1 – 3 – 5 – 10  Nitrate NO 3 - : 0 – 20 – 40 – 80 – 160 – 200 Measure nitrite and nitrate Filter for freshwater and seawater and pump system had been provided by Marine Habitat Lab as lab logistics. Filtering and mixing freshwater andor seawater inside the tank. Data sheet see Appendix 2, 3, and 4 Note all data during experiment 3.3. Methods 3.3.1. Selecting the organisms There are some criteria to choose the organisms. First, the echinoderm organisms are from subtidal several species, so that they could be compared with other latitudinal studies e.g. Antarctic, Singapore e.g. studies from Peck et al., 2009a,b; Barnes et al., 2010; Nguyen et al., 2011. Subtidal area is assumed to have more stable condition than intertidal area, in terms of temperature Peck et al., 2009a,b; Barnes et al., 2010 and salinity variability or stability are more stable Castro and Huber 2007. Second, species from the intertidal, can be used as comparisons for subtidal species. Third, previous information suggests that these organisms can be kept in the lab, in terms of size and “toughness” low mortality and normal behavior Figure 9. Trials used several species from different classes class Holothuroidea, Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, and Asteroidea of echinoderm. The size of the organisms should be appropriate to be put in thermocycler tank dimension of thermocycler tank inner size is 75 x 40 x 31 cm and aquarium control tank dimension of control tank is 75 x 40 x 41 cm. The size of organisms use in trial: for ophiuroids, it could be up to 5 cm for central disk diameter; for the asteroids, could be up to 10 cm in diameter; for the holothuroids, the length could be up to 10 cm live specimen, measure