Climate Change and Variation Role of Temperature and Salinity

Class : Asteroidea Order : Valvatidae Suborder : Ophiurina Family : Ophidiasteridae Genus : Fromia Species : Fromia milleporella Clark and Rowe, 1971; Erhardt and Moosleitner, 1999; [13]

3. RESEARCH METHODS

3.1. Time and Location

This research was conducted in Marine Habitat Lab, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University FPIK-IPB on December 2010-November 2011.

3.2. Materials

Materials that was being used in this study are shown in Table 1 and the pictures of materials are shown in Appendix 1. Table 1. Materials that were used in this study. Materials Brand Type Specification Functions Seawater Salinity: 33- 35 ‰ From Teluk Jakarta, then filtered in Gelanggang Samudera Seaworld, Ancol, Jakarta Arafat, pers. comm., 2011 Freshwater Aqua 1 galon = 19 L Reduce salinity Food Fresh shrimp for Ophiuroid. Shrimp pellet or small piece of fresh shrimps for starfish. Feed the organisms Refractometer Atago SMill-E Hand-held refractometer, Made in Japan Salinity 0~100 ‰ Measure salinity Thermocycler with jacket tank customary designed by British Antarctic Survey Grant LTD20G  -30 C to 100 C  2.3 KW  220-240 V  50-60 Hz  Tank dimension: - Inner: 40 x 75 x 31 cm - Outer: 54 x 90 x 39 cm Increase or decrease temperature during experiment. Camera Documentation Table 1. Materials that were used in this study continued. Materials Brand Type Specification Functions Thermometer Blue Gizmo BG43A electronic or digital thermometer  -4 C to 60 C  40 F to 140 F Measure temperature Standard manual thermometer 11 C -10 C to 110 C Digital balance IKEA Ordning  Max. 3000 g; d = 1 g  Max. 6 lbs 9 oz; d = ¼ oz Measure weight “Lucky” pocket scale  Digital scale  Capacity: 200 g x 0.01 g Calliper  15 cm max.  0.05 cm accuracy  6 inches max.  1128 inches accuracy Mesure length or diameter Heater adjustable temperature MP Heater micro Processor  With temperature setting  Company: Aquatic Nature  300 W  220-240 V  50-60 Hz  20-35 C Heating the seawater on separate tank plastic tank for water exchange in experiment tank. Ammonia Aquarium Test Strips API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals  For fresh and saltwater aquarium  Ammonia ppm mgL: 0 – 0.5 – 1.0 – 3.0 – 6.0 Measure ammonia pH Aquarium Test Strips API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals  For fresh and saltwater aquarium  PH freshwater: 6.0 – 6.5 – 7.0 – 7.5 – 8.0 – 8.5 – 9.0  PH saltwater: 6.0 – 6.5 – 7.0 – 7.5 – 8.0 – 8.5 – 9.0 Measure pH