D. Equivalence in Translation
The main purpose of translation is delivering the meaning of text which achieves equivalence. In relation to equivalence in translation, Vinay and
Darbelnet state, “Equivalent refers to cases where languages describe the same
situation by different stylistic or structural means”.
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Catford wrote texts in different languages can be equivalent with different degrees fully or partially
equivalent. In respect of different levels of presentation equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, grammar, of lexis, ect, and at different ranks word-
for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence.
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Furthermore, Baker used the notion of equivalence for the sake of convenience. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition
for translations, an obstacle to a progress to translation studies or useful category for describing translation.
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1. Types of equivalence
There are some concepts of equivalence in translation with different approaches from scholars. Nida and Taber state that the best translation
does not sound like translation
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. Nida is much more interested in the message of the text or, in its semanctic quality
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a. Nida divided equivalence into formal equivalence and dynamic
equivalence.
34
J.P. Vinay and Darbelnet. 1995. Comparative stylistics of French and an English: A Methodology for Translation.. AmsterdamPhiladephi: John Benjamins Publishing Company.,
35
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press., p.27
36
Mona Baker. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge,,
37
Eugene A. Nida and Taber C.R. 1982. The theory and Practice of Translation. .Leiden: E.J. Brill., p.12
38
Vanessa Leonardi, 2000.”Equivalence in Translation Between Myth and Realty” in Translation Theory.
http:accurapid.comjournal14equiv.htm accessed 02 Feb,2015
1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both
form and content. One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different
elements in the source language. 2.
Dynamic equivalent is the relation between receptor and message should substantially the same as that which existed between
original receptor and the message.
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There are some types of equivalence according to experts: b.
Popovic as cited in Bassnett the classification of equivalence. According to him, there are four types equivalence as follow
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: 1.
Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level both source language and target language texts, i.e.
word for word translation. 2.
Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e. elements of
grammar. 3.
Stylistic translational equivalence, where there is „functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at
an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning. 4.
Textual syntagmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
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Jeremy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. London and New York: Routledge, p. 41
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Susan Bassnett. 1998. Translation Studies: revisited edition. London: Routledge, p. 32
c. According to Catford‟s model of equivalence
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: 1.
Formal correspondence is any target language category unit, class, element of structure, etc which can be said occupy as nearly as
possible the “same” place in the “economy in the target language as the given source language category occupies in the source language.
For example: translating a noun by a noun. 2.
Textual equivalence is any target language text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given
source language text or portion of text. for example: translating adjective by adjective phrase.
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J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press., p. 27
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
As the writer mention about chapter 1, this study focuses on analysis types of shift translation of noun phrase and result of equivalence in English
translation from the Indonesian noun phrase. In the data description, the writer finds the type of shift of the source
language into target language in translating a noun phrase of Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest and its
result of equivalence. Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem is a descriptive poem that reveals
amazement of poet toward the natural beauty Midwest, America. When the reader read this poem, the reader like faced to a riveting landscape painting.
Everywhere the eyes see, that look is natural charm which is sprinkled moonlight. The poem begins with the picture of full of moon that sheds rosy
light. Illuminated by the moon, The Mississippi clearly visible includes the wide and the water which is murky. When switch off the stare, visible the
overlay of cornfield, swamps, hills, smoke, lakes, grouse and hillside that a lot of pines. The beautiful panorama accompanied by nature music produce
by roll likes thunder, the hum of insects and wind gusts which eventually turned into drizzle.
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42
Taufiq Ismail. 1971. SAJAK LADANG JAGUNG. Bandung: Masa Baru. p. 23
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