For example
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: SL: Medical student
TL: Mahasiswa kedokteran
4. The Fourth Type
It is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. It has textual function such as, -lah, -pun in the target language
and also the unit rank shift as termed by Catford is the kind of this shift.
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For example: SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.
TL: Dia sangat baik sekali, tetapi istrinya sangat sombong. Another example:
SL: Amenity TL: Tata karma
Both Catford and Newmark have their own opinion about shift. Catford‟s theory has large shift coverage in translation. He explains shift
from the smallest unit into text, whereas Newmark only focuses on grammatical structure.
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Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the Hannah Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta p. 50
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Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, London: Prentice Hall International UK
Ltd,, p. 87
C. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase can be identified by the determiners the, a, and an. Noun phrase consist of four constituents, that is, the head, the determiner, pre-
modifier, and post-modifier. In a sentence, a noun phrase can function as subject, object, and complement. The noun phrase is essential part of every
sentence. Noun phrase is constructed from words a noun and a phrase. Some of experts give the similar definition of noun phrase. Brown Miller state
that noun phrases is Noun phrases are traditionally thought of as consisting minimally of a head noun, together with any number of noun phrases
modifier, they are determiners, quantifiers and quantifiers phrases, adjective and adjectives phrases, noun and noun phrases, ad position and ad position
phrases and clause.
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According to Baker, “Noun phrase consist of a noun or pronoun with modifiers, including pronouns, adjectives, other phrases and clause.
”
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From definitions above it can be conclude that noun phrase comes from group of words, which consist of head noun or pronoun with their modifiers.
A noun phrase can act as a subject in a sentence function e.g. The child read the book, as the object of a verb e.g. The child read the book, as the object
complement of a verb e.g. John bought a cake, or as the object of a preposition e.g. Jill is swimming in the pool.
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Ni Ketut Diani Mahasari, 2012.
The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The Translation Shift of TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to
“The Twilight: New Moon.
Denpasar: Udayana University., p.19-20
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Peter S. baker, 2007. Introduction to Old English Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,,
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