1. The First Type
This type is an obligatory transposition or automatic shift. It is caused by the grammatical structure of a language
22
. So it offers the translator no choice and must make the equivalence in the target language.
This type category divided into two kinds: a.
Plural in source language changes become singular in target language, for example: a pair of shorts is translated into sebuah celana pendek
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. b.
Adjective + noun in source language changes become noun + adjective in target language, for example: good news is translated into berita bagus.
2. The Second Type
The shift needful when grammatical structure in source language does not exist in the target language
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. There are three kinds of this type.
a. In Indonesian language, the object is in front of the sentence, but there
is no in English grammatical structure. For example: buku itu harus kita bawa
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is translated becomes we must bring the book.
b. In Indonesian language, the adjective is in front of the sentence, and
then followed by the subject, but there is no in English grammatical structure.
21
Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, London: Prentice Hall International UK Ltd,, p. 85-87
22
Frans sayogie, 2009. Teori Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, p.70
23
Ibid, p.71
24
Ibid, p.72
25
Rochaya Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka p. 95
For example: malu aku is translated becomes I’m shy
c. In Indonesian language, the verbal is in front of the sentence, but it is
not unusual in English, except the imperative sentence. For example: its usage has been approved
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is translated becomes telah disahkan penggunaannya.
3. The Third Type
It is the shift grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the target language.
27
There are four kinds of this category: a.
Noun or noun phrase in source language becomes verb in target language.
For example
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: SL: We must all responsible for the existence of the earth.
TL: Kita semua bertanggung jawab menjaga bumi. b.
Noun phrase + adjective form verb intransitive in source language becomes noun + clause in target language.
For example
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: SL: Thinking person
TL: Orang yang berfikir c.
Adjective + noun or noun phrase in source language becomes noun + noun in target language.
26
Ibid, p. 96
27
Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, London: Prentice Hall International UK
Ltd, p. 86
28
Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka. p. 96
29
Ibid. p. 97
For example
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: SL: Medical student
TL: Mahasiswa kedokteran
4. The Fourth Type
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