There are various kinds of code switching. Immigrants often use many words from their new language in their old language, because many of the
people they speak to know both languages. In this situation bilingual often develop a mixed code. In such a case, we might want to distinguish between
code switching of the two languages in the mixed variety. For a bilingual, shifting for convenience choosing the avaliable word
or phrase on the basis of easy ability is commonly related to topic. Showing the effect of domain differences, a speaker‟s vocabulary will develop
differentially for different topics in the two languages. Thus, speakers of a language who have received advanced education in a professional field in a
second language will usually not have the terms in their native language. The selection of a language by a bilingual, especially when speaking to
another bilingual, carries a wealth of social meaning. Each language becomes a virtual guise for the bilingual speaker, who can change identity as easily as
changing a hat, and can use language choice as a way of negotiating social relations with an interculator.
The bilingual individual thus provides a rich field for sociolinguistic study. A full understanding of bilingualism, however, depends on a deeper
understanding of the nature of the speech communities in which they operate.
4. Types od Code Switching and Code Mixing
Based on Wardha ugh‟s theory code switching is classified into three
kinds. There are situational code switching, metaphorical code switching, and
conversational code switching which called as intra-sentential code switching or code mixing. Each type related to each factor of code switching namely
participant, solidarity affective function, status, and topic. The first type is situational code switching. Situational code switching
is related to the factors of code switching that are participant, solidarity, and status. Situational code switching occurs when the language used change
according to the situation in which the conversation find themselves. They speak one language in one situation and in different one.
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Situational code switching described about arrival of a nes person and status relation between
people or the formality of their interaction. For example, some new switches from English to Maori to greet his or her friend, the Maori‟s greeting is an
expression solidarity. So, a code switch may be related to a particular or addressee.
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Methaporical code switching occurs with in a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role relationship, which is being
expressed. According to Bloom and Gumperz which is quoted by Hudson, methaporical code switching is where the choice of language that determines
the situation. Furthermore, Wardhaugh says metaphorical code switching is a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have. The
18
Roland Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistic, 4
th
ed, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publisher, 2004, p. 103.
19
Janet Holmes,, An Introduction of Linguistics, 2nd ed. England, Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p. 41.
interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds the distinct flavor to what is said about the topic.
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Intra-sentencial code switching or conversational code switching or code mixing according to Wardhaugh who enhances Gum
perz‟s theory that conversational code switching which is also recognized as intra-sentencial
code switching is a switch of code within a simple utterence without any associated change.
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5. The Factors Influencing Code Switching and Code Mixing
