interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds the distinct flavor to what is said about the topic.
20
Intra-sentencial code switching or conversational code switching or code mixing according to Wardhaugh who enhances Gum
perz‟s theory that conversational code switching which is also recognized as intra-sentencial
code switching is a switch of code within a simple utterence without any associated change.
21
5. The Factors Influencing Code Switching and Code Mixing
According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to code switch, they are:
1. Participants, the participants that use code switching to his or her
partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are talking in one language and non-speakers enters, they will switch code or
topic or both. Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are will and goal of code switching such as the speaker who wants to change
the situation without any information in time and space.
22
For example: A : well i‟m glad to mett you. Ok?
B : andale pues ok swell, and do come again. Mm? Switch between Spanish and English
20
Op.cit, p. 103.
21
Ibid, p. 108.
22
Janet Holmes, An Introduction of Linguistics, 2
nd
ed. England, Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p. 42.
By using the Spanish tag, M signaled to A that she recognized the relevance of their shared ethnic background to their future relationship.
The tag served a solidarity marker between two minority ethnic group member‟s whose previous conversation has been entirely in English.
2. Solidarity affective function. A speaker may similary to another
language as a signal of group membership and shared etchnicity with an addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a second language
may use brief phrases and words for his purpose.
23
For example : The Maori is in calibri. The translation in small capitals.
Sarah : i think eve ryone‟s here except Mere.
Jhon : she said she maight be a bit late but actually i think thats
her arriving now. Sarah :
you‟re right. Kia ora mere mai. Kei te phea koe? hi Mere, come in. How are you?
Mere : kia ora hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet? hello my friend, I‟m fine.
In the conversation above, code switching appears with English as the main language and Maori is code switching language. People
sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the arrival of a new person,
it is easy to explain the switch. Mere is Maori and although the rest of the
23
Ibid, p. 41.
meeting will be conducted in English, Sarah switches to Maori to greet Mere. The Maori greeting is an participant of addresse.
24
3. Status. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such
as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction. More formal relationship, which sometimes involve status
differences too, such as doctor-patient, administrator-client, or techer- student. Friendly relationship involving minimal social distance, such as
neighbour or friend.
25
For example : Bokmal in italic. Ranamal is not
Jan : hello petter. How is your wife now?
Petter : oh she‟s much better thank you Jan. She‟s out of hospital
and convalecing well. Jan
: that‟s good i‟m pleased to hear it. Do you think you could help me with this
pesky form? I’m having a great deal of difficulty with it.
Petter : of course. Give it there......
This conversation took place in somewhere of Hemnesberget, between two neighbour, Jan and Petter. Nothing appears to change
except the topic of discussion and with it code. In fact the change of topic here symbolizes a change in the relationship between men. They switch
from their roles as neighbours to their roles as bureaucrat and member of
24
Janet Holmes, An Introduction of Linguistics, 2
nd
ed. England, Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p. 41.
25
Ibid, p 41.
the public. They switch from a personal interaction to a more formal transaction.
26
4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch code within a speech
event to discuss a particular topic. Bilingual often find it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another. For many bilinguals
certain kinds of referential contetnt are more appropriately or more easily expressed in one language than the other. For example:
the chinese is in calibri. The translation is in small capitals A group of Chinese students are discussing Chinese costumes.
Li : people here get divorce too easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In China it is not the same. Jia gou sui gou, jia ji sui ji.
if you have married a dog, you follow a dog. If you have married a chicken, you follow a chicken.
This partly because they have learn the vocabulary of their studies in English, so they do not always kno
w the word like „morpheme‟ in Cantonese. In these example the switches not only emphasise the precise
message content, they also signal ethnic identitiy. In other words they have an affectives as well as a referential function.
27
26
Janet Holmes, An Introduction of Linguistics, 2
nd
ed. England, Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p. 43.
27
Ibid, p. 44.
6. Functions of Code Switching and Code mixing
