social or political organization.
4
And between bilingual speakers and speech communities differ as to the extent they paractice code switching in everyday
life speakers, because some find themselves in situations where switching is possible or called for more often than other communities because norm for
allocating languages to funtional dominans keeping them apart or allowing for mixed code are variable.
5
The phenomenon of code switching and code mixing not only happen in oral communication but also in written such as novel in uses code switching
and mixing on language conversation. They switch and mix a language and others commonly to show their presige in their community.
Based on the fact above, the writer chooses the Skripshit novel written by Alit Susanto published by Bukune in 2012 as a unit analysis. In this
research, the writer finds so many code switching and code mixing cases in the dialogs of the novelthat can be analyzed.
B. Focus of the Study
In this study, the writer only focuses on the codes cases which are used in the parts of dialogue that have chosen random sample from each chapter
based on the characters shared community in Skripshit novel published by Bukune in 2012 written by Alit Susanto.
4
Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistic, Massachusett, Blackwell, 2004, p. 95.
5
Florian Coulmas, Sociolinguistics, The Study of Speaker’s Choice, New York,
Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 111.
C. Research Question
Based on the background of the study above, therefore the research
questions are:
1. What are the types of code switching and code mixing used by the
characters intheir conversa
tion on Skripshit novel written by Alit Susanto?
2. What are the factors that influence the code switching and mixing used by
the characters in the novel? 3.
What are the functions of code switching and mixing utilized by the characters on the novel ?
D. Significance of the Study
This research will help the readers in understanding of code switching and code mixing in bilingualism case as one of macrolinguistic and have some
beneficiaries for those who want to study in depth about English. In addition, it also will be a reference for next research for who are interested in.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of the Research
The objectives of the research are to understand the types of codes switching and mixing, to know the functions of code switching and
mixing, and also give the suggestion and conclusion on the codes switching and mixing that happened in the Skripshit novel written by
Alit Susanto which is in study in sociolinguistics.
2. The Method of the Research
In this study, the writer uses the selected data from the novel as content analysis the research. It will be analyzed through qualitative method. In
this method, the writer will describe the selected data which will answer the two research questions above. All the data will be described
qualitatively without using any numerical system.
3. Instrument of the Research
In this research the writer uses her self as a main instrument to collect relevant data in many ways such as, reading and understanding the
novel, marking some conversation that include in code switching or mixing, and look for the factors.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
In this research, the writer uses the descriptive analysis technique by using sociolinguistic approach which has a relation with relevant code
switching and code mixing theory. The data collections are done through several steps, they are; a the
writer select the novel of bilingual which in codes switching and mixing, b reading the novel, c finding code switching and code mixing in the
conversation on the novel, d analyzing the data using the theory of sociolinguistics, involving code switching or code mixing to know the
terms of codes based on theories in the novel, and e writing a report of a study.
5. Unit of Analysis
The analysis unit of the study is the Skripshit novel publisher by Bukune 2012 written by Alit Susanto.
6. Time and Place
The research is started from the seventh semester on December 2012. Located at Adab and Humanity Faculty UIN SyarifHidayatullah
Jakarta, PKBB Atma Jaya University Jakarta, and University of Indonesia Depok. In the academic year 2012-2013
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Bilingualism and Multilingualism
A. Bilingualism
Nowadays, people rarely use only one language, because most people are interested in the existence of differences in language, ethnicity, and
culture in other countries. This fact can cause bilingualism because they practice two languages in their daily lives. Moreover, people who practice the
two languages can be categorized bilingual.In other word, a bilingual is a person who has equal capability to use two languages fluency.
Rather than worrying about definition, it is more useful to consider what is needed to describe the nature of an individual‟s bilingualism. Clearly,
the first element is to identify each of the languages. The second important feature is the way each language was aqcuired. It is useful to distinguish
between mother tounge learning, second language learning, and foreign language learning. Each of these suggest different possible kinds of
proficiency. According to Subyakto and Nababan, there are two types of
bilingualism in Indonesia. They are: 1.
Bilingual who speaks regional language and Indonesian. Some factors that influence the occurrence of bilingual that speaks
regional language and Indonesian are:
a. Social interaction, like trade, socialization, school and office
affairs, b.
A local language has position that not extremely different from Indonesian.
2. Bilingual who speaks Indonesian and one of the foreign languages
like English, French, Dutch, Arabic, and so on.
6
In describing of bilingualism of an individual, another set of differences is often evident in the performance of certain internal functions. Bilingual
usually prefer one language for functions such as counting, doing arithmetic, dreaming, cursing, or praying silently.
7
Another useful way to describe bilinguals is by describing the external functions they can perform in each
language. Bilinguals have a repotire of domain-related rules of language choice. The home-school or home-work switch is probbably the most
common, with one language learned at home from parents and the second learned at school and used to work. When there is a language shift in
progress, certain traditional domains may remain favoured for the use of language.
Because domains are composite concepts, there is the possiblility of conflict and therefore marked choice between languages. Thus, two people
who normally who speak the standard language at work might use their innate language there to signal either a change of role-relation family member or
friend rather than co-worker or topic a home or neighbourhood topic while
6
S. Utari Subyakto dan Nababan, Psikolinguistik Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta, Gramedia Puataka Utama, 1992, pp.92-93.
7
Bernard Spolsky, Sociolinguistics Oxford University Press, 1998. p. 46.
still being in the same location. At this point, the important notion is that bilinguals use of his or her two languages is likely to vary considerably
according to domain.
B. Multilingualism
