Regarding those facts that students of Patisserie Study Programme needs to master English, they belong to ESP Learners. Hutchinson and Waters
1987:53 state what distinguishes ESP and General English is the awareness towards the students’ needs.
a. The Nature of ESP
English for Specific Purposes ESP is a branch of English as a Foreign Language EFL. Therefore, ESP is narrower than General English.
Hutchinson and Waters 1987:19 define ESP as an approach to language teaching which its content and method are based on learner’s needs.
This approach emphasizes that there are some learners who need English in order to use it in specific occupational or educational settings. Richards
2006:12 states that it will be more efficient to teach those learners the specific kinds of language and communicative skills needed for particular
roles rather than to concentrate them on General English. It means that before designing materials in ESP, teachers should know what is needed by learners.
The process of getting information about learner„s need is called needs analysis.
b. Needs Analysis
The starting point when a researcher develops learning materials for specific purposes is
learners„ needs. It is in line with the first step of developing learning materials for English as a specific purpose ESP
proposed by Hutchinson and Waters 1987:3 who state that ESP is designed
to meet learners ’ needs. To collect information related to the learners’ needs,
one should conduct needs analysis. Richards and Schmidt 2002:353 define needs analysis
as “the process of determining the needs for which a learner or group of learners requires a
language and arranging the needs according to priorities.” Richards 2006:12 defines needs analysis as the process of determining the learners
’ needs of communication that they need to master if they are in specific occupational or
educational roles and the language features of particular settings. The process is done by conducting observation, surveys, interviews, situation analysis,
and analysis of language samples collected in different settings. It can be concluded that needs analysis is
a process of determining learners’ needs on specific language use by using observation, surveys, interviews, etc.
The focus of needs analysis according to Richards 2006:12 is to determine the specific characteristics of the language when it is used for
specific purposes. Those specific characteristics may include differences in vocabulary choice, grammar, text type, functions, and the need for particular
skills. Hutchinson and Waters 1987:54 divide needs into two types: target
needs and learning needs. Target needs are what the learner needs to do in the target situation. Target needs include necessities, lacks, and wants. Necessity
is what the learner has to know in order to function effectively in target situation. Knowing the necessities only is not enough, we also need to know
the lacks. It is necessary to know what the learners know already or learner„s
present knowledge so a teacher can decide which of the necessities of the learners„ lacks. The last one dealing with target needs is wants. Want is what
learner asks to learn. The second type of needs is learning needs. Hutchinson and Waters
1987:60 define learning needs as what knowledge and abilities will the learners require in order to be able to perform to the required degree of
competence in the target situation. After determining the students’ needs, language items and
communication skills that are needed by the students of Patisserie Study Programme can be concluded and be put into consideration when writing the
English learning materials. For example, from the needs analysis, it is known that
students’ main goal in learning English is to prepare them to work abroad as a skilled baker and they also want some additional inputs of vocabularies
related to patisserie to be added in the learning materials. The content of the learning materials are then decided by choosing it from the competences
stated in the Curriculum 2013. The texts to be included in the learning materials will be procedure text about how to make a cake or how to garnish a
cake with many vocabularies related to patisserie.
c. Materials Development in ESP
Hutchinson and Waters 1987:106 state that one of the most characteristic features of ESP in practice is materials writing. They add that
its aim is to provide teaching materials that fit the specific subject area of particular learners 1987:106. They add that even though suitable materials
