Instruments of the Data

2005. Then, it was described in descriptive statistic. The item which had the highest presentation was considered as the tendency of students. The second questionnaire which was a questionnaire for the materials development expert consisted of statements and responses in the form of Likert Scale. Likert scale wass a scale which was used to gain information from the respondents. It was used to indicate the strength of the materials development expert’s agreement and disagreement related to the statements given. The data from expert were, then, measured using mean central tendency and analysed using a formula proposed by Suharto 2005. The Likert Scale used in the second questionnaire uses 4 point range as follows. Table 7: Likert Scale 4 Point Range No Categories Score 1 Strongly Agree 4 2 Agree 3 3 Disagree 2 4 Strongly Disagree 1 The data from the expert was calculated by using a formula proposed by Suharto 2005:59 to find the range or the data interval. After that, the data was converted into descriptive statistic. The researcher used mean X as the indicator of measurement. Table 8: Data Conversion Table Suharto, 2005 Scale Interval Descriptive Categories 4 3.25 ≤ X ≤ 4.00 Very Good 3 2.50 ≤ X ≤ 3.24 Good 2 1.75 ≤ X ≤ 2.49 Fair 1 1.00 ≤ X ≤ 1.74 Poor 2. Qualitative data Qualitative data were gathered from the interview and observation. The data were analysed using qualitative data analysis model proposed by Miles and Huberman 1994. There were three stages of data analysis as presented below. Table 9: Qualitative Data Analysis Stage Explanation Data reduction The process of transforming masses of data into small number of categories Data display Organizing information that permits conclusion drawing and action Data conclusion Deciding what things mean The interview result was written in form of interview transcript, while the observation result was written in form of observation vignette.

H. Research Procedures

The research procedures followed the materials development process proposed by Jolly and Bolitho in Tomlinson 1998:98. However, some adaptations were made in order to make it feasible. The research procedures proposed by Jolly and Bolitho were simplified by the researcher. Following were the steps and the diagram of the research procedures. 1. Conducting the needs analysis Needs analysis was conducted by distributing questionnaire to the students. In this step, the data of students’ needs were gained. 2. Writing the course grid After conducting needs analysis, the data gained from the needs analysis was analysed and reported. Then, the course grid was written based on the result of data. Course grid was used as a reference for the researcher to develop materials. 3. Developing materials writing the first draft After writing the course grid, the first draft of materials was developed. The materials consisted of three units. They were developed based on the course grid. 4. Conducting evaluation expert judgement After writing the first draft, the evaluation or expert judgement was conducted. The researcher distributed a questionnaire to the materials development expert to give feedback on the first draft of materials. 5. Writing the final draft of materials After getting the feedback from the materials development expert, the data was analysed and reported. After that, the first draft of materials was revised into the final draft. The final draft of materials was the material that was ready to use by the students. Figure 5. Research Procedures Conducting needs analysis Writing the course grid Developing materials writing the first draft Conducting evaluation expert judgement Writing the final draft of materials