g. Passage: over, behind, under
With verbs of motion, preposition may express the idea of passage movement toward and then away from a place, as well as destination.
Example: He jumped over a ditch
Someone ran behind the goalposts.
h. Passage: across, through, past
The sense of ‘passage’ is the primary locative function attached to across dimension type 1 or 2, through dimension type 2 or 3 and past the passage
equivalent to by which may also, however, be substituted for past in a ‘passage’ sense.
i. Movement with reference to a Directional Path: up, down, along
The prepositions above with verb of motion make up a group of preposition expressing movement with reference to an axis or directional path.
j. Orientation: beyond, over, past, up, across
Most prepositions which express relative destination, passage and movement with reference to a directional path can be used in a static sense of
orientation Example:
The live across the moors
k. Resultative Meaning: from, out of, over, past
Preposition which have the meaning of motion can usually have also a static resultative meaning when combined with be, indicating the state of having
reached the destination.
Example: Te horses are over the fence ‘have now jumped over’
l. Pervasive Meaning: over, throughout, with.
Over Dimension type 1 or 2 and through dimension type 2 or 3, especially when preceded by all, have pervasive meaning either static or
motional. Example:
The child was running all over the flower border.
m. Metaphorical or Abstract Use of Place Preposition
Many place prepositions have abstract meanings which are clearly related, through metaphorical connection, to their locative uses. Very often prepositions so
used keep the grouping in terms of similarity or contrast of meaning that they have when used in literal reference to place. One may perceive a stage by stage
extension of metaphorical usage in such a series as: In shallow water purely literal
In deep water also metaphorical = ‘in truble’
In difficulties the preposition is used metaphorically
In a tough spot = ‘in a difficult situation’: both the preposition and the
noun are metaphorical since literally spot would require at.
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