Review of Literatures REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL

in and at since it has three problems. However, those make this study more complicated that it should be. The second study was written by Suhartatik 2010 entitled “The Translation of Preposition By into Indonesian”. Her study is mainly aimed at classifying the function of proposition by and its equivalences into Indonesian. In order to classify the data, she used the theory from Larson 1984 and Quirk 1985. Results showed that there are seven functions of preposition by in the novel If Tomorrow Comes, such as: denoting space, denoting time, denoting agentive, denoting stimulus, denoting means, denoting cause and reason, and denoting manner. There are also found various equivalences of preposition by into Indonesian, such as: di, ke, menjelang, ketika, sampai, terhadap, akan, melalui, dengan, oleh, hanya, karena, and tentang. In her study, there is interesting thing that eventually become the strengths of this study, such as: there are various numbers of the functions and equivalences of the preposition by into Indonesian that may be in other study do not have. Those are giving new knowledge to those who do not know that the English preposition by can have many translation in Indonesian besides the preposition dengan, oleh and melalui. Meanwhile, since this study only focused on preposition by, it makes this study lack of variation of prepositions while we know that there are a lot of English prepositions besides the preposition by. The third study was written by Primayanti 2007 entitled “An Analysis of Preposition In, On, At and Their Equivalence in Indonesi an in the Novel “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain”. Her study is aimed at describing the translation equivalence of preposition in, on, and at into Indonesian and finding the variation of translation of proposition in, on, and at. In her study, she used the theory from Larson 1998 to find and analyze the data and results showed that the preposition in is translated into di, dengan, dalam, di dalam, ke, zero equivalence, untuk. The preposition on is translated into di, di atas, zero equivalence, pada, dengan, dari, ke. Meanwhile, the preposition at is translated into di, dengan, ke, dari, dalam, zero equivalence. Besides, she also explained that there are variations of translation of English preposition into Indonesian. This study has more variation of English preposition. It makes this study more interesting to read and gives some new information to those who want to learn and understand especially about the prepositional meaning and the translation equivalences of preposition at, in, and on. However, this study only used one theory while the other studies that have same topic usually used two theories to solve each problem. Besides those studies, some scientific journals also give contribution to this study. The first article of journal i s written by Al Yaari 2013 entitled “The Problem of Translating the Prepositions at, in and on into Arabic: An Applied Linguistic Approach”. His study aims to explore the difficulties Saudi EFL students face during the process of translating the English prepositions at, in and on into Arabic. It also aims at identifying which gender type is better in translating these prepositions in particular. The findings revealed that Saudi EFL students face problems related to use and usage when transferring simple prepositions from English into Arabic. Significant differences related to the performances of both males and females where females scored higher marks than those scored by the males. These findings suggest that acquired skills and abilities involved in translation appear to be more strongly activated in the English-Arabic tasks in women as compared to men. This study gives much contribution to those who want to learn and understand about statistical in translation, such as: how to measure the amount of tota l number of the correct and incorrect of students’ answer related to use and usage when transferring simple prepositions from English into Arabic. However, in this study the writer only selected the test items into both time and place cases. The last but not least is an article of journal written by Humeid 2013 entitled “Compound Prepositions Used by Iraqi EFL University Students”. The study is aimed at identifying and analyzing the errors which Iraqi EFL university students are liable to make in using compound prepositions also giving a clearer rationale for the possible causes for such errors. In his study, he focused on Hornby’s theories 2006. Meanwhile, the results of his study can be concluded that the majority of Iraqi EFL university students fail to recognize and produce such propositions. Moreover, they do not realize the function of such prepositions because they do not discern their meanings and most books of grammar do not list their meanings or uses. In his study, there are some points to be noticed; he is very detailed in explaining compound prepositions and the results of his study are very clear. However, there is no recommendation to the students so that their students’ abilities are not improved. Those above-mentioned studies give the writer a lot of ideas and new knowledge to do this study since all the studies have the same topic about the English language preposition.

1.2 Concepts

1.2.1 Translation

Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into receptor language Larson, 1998:3. The meaning, which is being transferred, must be constant and only the form changes. The form, which the translation is made called source language SL and the form into, which it is to be changed called receptor language RL or target language TL. Meanwhile, Catford 1965: 20 stated translation process is the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL. The term ‘textual material’ underlines the fact that in normal conditions it is not entire of a source language SL text is translated, that is, replaced by target language TL equivalents. At one or more levels of language, there may be no replacement at all but simple transference of source language SL text. Besides, he also stated that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. According to Nida 1982:12 translation consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style. She also states that, by ‘natural’ we mean that the equivalent forms should not be ‘foreign’ either in form except of course for such inevitable matters as proper names or meaning.

2.2.2 The Process of Translation

According to Larson 1998: 4 the process of translation can be shown by the following diagram: SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE 1. Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning Based on the diagram above, it can be described that a translator must discover the meaning of Source Language that is being translated into Receptor Language. Then the translator arranges as natural as possible the meaning of SL based on appropriate word choices and grammatical structure of TL. For Example: SL : Late in the winter of my seventeenth year, my mother decided I was depressed Green, 2012: 3 Text to be translated MEANING Translation