Example: Te horses are over the fence ‘have now jumped over’
l. Pervasive Meaning: over, throughout, with.
Over Dimension type 1 or 2 and through dimension type 2 or 3, especially when preceded by all, have pervasive meaning either static or
motional. Example:
The child was running all over the flower border.
m. Metaphorical or Abstract Use of Place Preposition
Many place prepositions have abstract meanings which are clearly related, through metaphorical connection, to their locative uses. Very often prepositions so
used keep the grouping in terms of similarity or contrast of meaning that they have when used in literal reference to place. One may perceive a stage by stage
extension of metaphorical usage in such a series as: In shallow water purely literal
In deep water also metaphorical = ‘in truble’
In difficulties the preposition is used metaphorically
In a tough spot = ‘in a difficult situation’: both the preposition and the
noun are metaphorical since literally spot would require at.
1.3.1.2 The Function of Preposition: Time
a. Time Position: at, on, in
At, on, and in as prepositions of time when are to some extent parallel to the same items as positive prepositions of position, although in the time sphere
there are only two ‘dimension types’, ‘point of time’ and ‘period of time’. Example:
At ten o’clock On New Year’s day
In August
b. Measurement into the future : in
To denote measurement from the present time, the post posed adverb ago is used for a span back to a point of time in the past, and in for a similar span ahead
into the future. Example:
We met three months ago. We will meet in three months time
We will meet in three months from now
c. Duration: for, during, over, all through, throughout.
Preparation phrases of duration answer the how long? Example:
How long did you camp in Scotland? We camped there for the summer.
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